Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins
Toxigenic cyanobacteria are one of the main health risks associated with water resources. Consequently, the analysis, control, and removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water supplies is a high priority research area. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odor compounds, and cyanotoxins.
Starting with an introduction to the subject, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins offers chapters on cyanotoxins and human health, conventional physical-chemical treatment for the removal of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins by membrane processes, biological treatment for the destruction of cyanotoxins, and conventional disinfection and/or oxidation processes. Other chapters look at advanced oxidation processes, removal/destruction of taste and odour compounds, transformation products of cyanobacterial metabolites during treatment and integrated drinking water processes.
* Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins
* Bridges the gap between basic knowledge of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and practical management guidelines
* Includes integrated processes case studies and real-life examples
* Developed within the frame of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)-funded CYANOCOST
A must-have resource for every water treatment plant, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins is a valuable resource for all researchers in water chemistry and engineering, environmental chemistry as well as water companies and authorities, water resource engineers and managers, environmental and public health protection organizations.
Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins
Table of contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 1
Armah A. de la Cruz, Neill Chernoff, James L. Sinclair, Donna Hill, Deacqunita L. Diggs, and Arthur T. Lynch
1.1 An Overview of Cyanobacteria 1
1.1.1 Evolution and Worldwide Occurrence 2
1.1.2 Physical Characteristics 3
1.1.3 Metabolites of Cyanobacteria 6
1.2 General Environmental Impact: Ecological and Human Health Effects 6
1.2.1 Climate Change and Water Demand 7
1.2.2 Risk to Humans from Cyanobacterial Toxins 8
1.3 Health Effects of Cyanotoxins 8
1.3.1 Sources and Routes of Exposure in Humans and Animals 8
7.14.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants with POMs: Mechanistic Aspects 192
7.14.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyanobacterial Metabolites with POM 193
7.14.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of CYN with POM 194
7.15 Conclusion 195
Acknowledgments 195
References 196
8 Removal and/or Destruction of Cyanobacterial Taste and Odour Compounds by Conventional and Advanced Oxidation Processes 207
Carlos J. Pestana, Linda A. Lawton, and Triantafyllos Kaloudis
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Conventional Water Treatment 210
8.2.1 Pretreatment and Preventative Measures 211
8.2.2 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation 213
8.2.3 Filtration 213
8.2.4 Disinfection 215
8.2.5 Distribution System 215
8.2.6 Summary - Key Points 216
8.3 Advanced Treatment Methods 218
8.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 218
8.3.2 Air Stripping 220
8.3.3 Membrane Filtration 222
8.3.4 Variations of Conventional Treatment Techniques 223
8.3.5 Summary - Key Points 223
8.3.6 Key Findings 224
8.4 Side Note: T&O Compound Concentrations and Customer Perception 224
References 224
9 Transformation Products (TPs) of Cyanobacterial Metabolites During Treatment 231
Theodora Fotiou, Theodoros M. Triantis, Anastasia E. Hiskia, Dariusz Dziga, Sylvain Merel, Christine Edwards, and Maria G. Antoniou
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 TPs Formed in the Natural Environment 233
9.2.1 Photolysis 233
9.2.2 Effect of pH and Temperature 234
9.3 Transformation Products of Microcystins and Nodularins with Advanced Oxidation Processes/ Technologies and Conventional Chemical Oxidation 236
9.3.1 Titanium Dioxide-based Photocatalysts 236
9.3.2 Other Photocatalysts (BiOBr and Bi2WO6) 264
9.3.3 Ultrasonic Degradation (Sonolysis) 268
9.3.4 Ozone 277
9.3.5 Chlorination 278
9.3.6 Sulfate Radical-based AOTs (SR-AOTs) 278
9.4 Transformation Products of Microcystins and Nodularins with Biological Treatment 279
9.5 Transformation Products of Cylindrospermopsin 287
9.6 Transformation Products of Odor Compounds 292
9.7 Conclusions 298
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
10 Integrated Drinking Water Processes: Case Studies 307
Tomasz Jurczak, Andrzej Jodlowski, Sabrina Sorlini, Michela Biasibetti, and Francesca Gialdini
10.1 Introduction 307
10.2 Pilot Plant Studies for Optimization of Water Treatment Processes in Microcystins Removal 308
10.3 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Microcystin-LR with a Microfiltration Pilot Plant (Lake Garda, Italy) 312
10.4 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Cyanotoxins in a Conventional Full-scale DWTP (Lake Vico, Italy) 314
10.5 Efficiency of Water Treatment Processes in Elimination of Microcystins - Polish Examples 317