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Practical Field Ecology 2nd Edition

Practical Field Ecology 2nd Edition

Authors
Publisher John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Year 01/01/1900
Pages 464
Version paperback
Readership level Professional and scholarly
Language English
ISBN 9781119413226
Categories The environment
$65.43 (with VAT)
290.85 PLN / €62.36 / £54.13
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Book description

Offers a comprehensive, accessible introduction to experimental design, field monitoring skills for plants and animals, data analysis, interpretation and reporting


This user-friendly book presents field monitoring skills for both plants and animals, within the context of a research project. This text provides a single resource to take the reader all the way through from the planning stage, into the field, guiding through sampling, organism identification, computer-based data analysis and interpretation, and finally how to present the results to maximise the impact of the work. Logically structured throughout, and revised extensively in the second edition, the book concentrates on the techniques required to design a field-based ecological survey and shows how to execute an appropriate sampling regime. It evaluates appropriate sampling and analytical methods, identifying potential problems associated with various techniques and how to mitigate these.


The second edition of this popular text has updated reference material and weblinks, increased the number of case studies by 50% to illustrate the use of specific techniques in the field, added over 20% more figures (including 8 colour plates), and made more extensive use of footnotes to provide extra details. Extensions to topics covered in the first edition include additional discussion of: ethical issues; statistical methods (sample size estimation, use of the statistical package R, mixed models); bioindicators, especially for freshwater pollution; seeds, fecundity and population dynamics including static and dynamic life tables; forestry techniques including tree coring and tree mortality calculations; the use of data repositories; writing for a journal and producing poster and oral presentations. In addition, the use of new and emerging technologies has been a particular focus, including mobile apps for environmental monitoring and identification; land cover and GIS; the use of drones including legal frameworks and codes of practice; molecular field techniques including DNA analysis in the field (including eDNA); photo-matching for identifying individuals; camera trapping; modern techniques for detecting and analysing bat echolocation calls; and data storage using the cloud.


Divided into six distinct chapters, Practical Field Ecology, 2nd Edition begins at project inception with a chapter on planning-covering health and safety, along with guidance on how to ensure that the sampling and experimental design is suitable for subsequent statistical analysis. Following a chapter dealing with site characterisation and general aspects of species identification, subsequent chapters describe the techniques used to survey and census particular groups of organisms. The final chapters cover analysing, interpreting and presenting data, and writing up the research.





Offers a readable and approachable integrated guide devoted to field-based research projects

Takes students from the planning stage, into the field, and clearly guides them through organism identification in the laboratory and computer-based data analysis, interpretation and data presentation

Includes a chapter on how to write project reports and present findings in a variety of formats to differing audiences



Aimed at undergraduates taking courses in Ecology, Biology, Geography, and Environmental Science, Practical Field Ecology, 2nd Edition will also benefit postgraduates seeking to support their projects.

Practical Field Ecology 2nd Edition

Table of contents

List of Tables xiii





List of Figures xv





List of Boxes xxi





List of Case Studies xxiii





List of Plates xxv





Preface to the Second Edition xxvii





Preface to the First Edition xxix





Acknowledgements xxxi





About the Companion Website xxxv





1 Preparation 1





Choosing a topic for study 2





Ecological research questions 4





Monitoring individual species and groups of species 4





Monitoring species richness 5





Monitoring population sizes and density 5





Monitoring community structure 6





Monitoring behaviour 6





A note of caution 6





Creating aims, objectives, and hypotheses 9





Reviewing the literature 9





Primary literature 10





Secondary literature 10





Other sources of information 11





Search terms 11





Reading papers 12





Practical considerations 12





Legal aspects 13





Ethical issues 13





Health and safety issues 14





Implementation 16





Equipment and technical support 19





Field/laboratory notebook 19





Pilot studies 21





Time management 22





Statistical considerations in project design 24





Designing and setting up experiments and surveys 26





Choosing sampling methods 26





Types of data 27





Sampling designs 29





Planning statistical analysis 35





Describing data 35





Asking questions about data 36





Predictive analysis 37





Multivariate analysis 38





Examining patterns and structure in communities 39





Summary 39





2 Monitoring Site Characteristics 43





Site selection 43





Site characterisation 44





Habitat mapping 44





Examination of landscape scale 54





Measuring microclimatic variables 55





Monitoring substrates 60





Monitoring water 64





Other physical attributes 67





Measuring biological attributes 70





Identification 76





3 Sampling Plants and Other Static Organisms 85





Sampling for static organisms 88





Seeds, fecundity, and population dynamics 91





Quadrat sampling 92





Density estimation using quadrats 95





Frequency estimation using quadrats 95





Cover estimation using quadrats 96





Biomass estimation within quadrats 97





Quadrat size 99





Nested quadrats 100





Placement of quadrats 101





Quadrat shape 102





Pin-frames 103





Transects 104





Plotless sampling 106





Distribution of static organisms 109





Forestry techniques 110





Tree diameter 110





Tree basal area 113





Height of trees 113





Timber volume 114





Growth 114





Canopy cover 115





Age and mortality 115





4 Sampling Mobile Organisms 119





General issues 120





Distribution of mobile organisms 123





Direct observation 124





Behaviour 124





Indirect methods 130





Capture techniques 130





Marking individuals 133





Radio-Tracking 136





Population dynamics 138





Invertebrates 140





Direct observation 141





Butterfly census method 141





Indirect methods 143





Using insect sounds 143





Capture techniques 144





Killing and preserving invertebrates 145





Marking individuals 145





Capturing aquatic invertebrates 150





Netting 152





Suction sampling 156





Benthic coring 156





Drags, dredges, and grabs 157





Wet extraction 158





Artificial substrate samplers 159





Baited traps and refuges 159





Capturing soil-living invertebrates 161





Sieving 161





Floatation and phase-separation 161





Tullgren funnels and similar methods of dry extraction 162





Chemical extraction 164





Electrical extraction 166





Capturing ground-active invertebrates 167





Pitfall traps 167





Suction samplers 175





Emergence traps 178





Capturing invertebrates from plants 180





Pootering 182





Sweep netting 184





Beating 185





Fogging 185





Capturing airborne invertebrates 187





Sticky traps 190





Using attractants 191





Refuges 194





Flight interception traps 195





Light traps 197





Rotary traps 205





Water (pan) traps 206





Fish 208





Direct observation 210





Indirect methods 211





Capture techniques 211





Nets and traps 212





Collecting fish larvae 215





Electrofishing 215





Marking individuals 215





Amphibians 218





Direct observation 221





Indirect methods 221





Counting egg masses 221





Using environmental DNA (eDNA) 222





Capture techniques 222





Sampling adults in water 223





Sampling adults on land 224





Tadpoles 226





Juveniles/metamorphs 226





Marking individuals 226





Reptiles 228





Direct observation 228





Indirect methods 229





Capture techniques 230





Hand-capture 232





Traps 233





Marking individuals 235





Birds 236





Direct observation 237





Timed species count 239





Common bird census/breeding bird survey 240





Point counts 241





Transect line counts 242





Distance sampling 242





Flush counts 244





Indirect methods 245





Counting nests at a distance 246





Bird song 247





Capture techniques 247





Mist netting 248





Propelled nets 250





Marking individuals 250





Mammals 253





Direct observation 254





Indirect methods 257





Capture techniques 264





Marking individuals 272





5 Analysing and Interpreting Information 275





Keys to tests 278





Exploring and describing data 285





Transforming and screening data 285





Graphical display of data 288





Measures of central tendency and sample variability 290





Spatial and temporal distributions 292





Population estimation techniques: densities and population sizes 292





Richness and diversity 297





Similarity, dissimilarity, and distance coefficients 297





Recording descriptive statistics 300





Testing hypotheses using basic statistical tests and simple general linear models 301





Differences between samples 304





Relationships between variables 307





Associations between frequency distributions 312





More advanced general linear models for predictive analysis 314





Multiple regression 314





Analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance 316





Discriminant function analysis 318





Generalized linear models 319





Extensions of the generalized linear model 323





Extensions of generalized linear models and GAMs into mixed-effects models 324





Statistical methods to examine pattern and structure in communities: classification, indicator species, and ordination 325





Classification 325





Classification techniques when the number of groups is known 326





Significance testing for group membership: analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) 328





Classification techniques when the number of groups is unknown 329





Indicator species analysis 331





Ordination 332





Indirect gradient analysis 333





Comparing ordinations and matrix data 338





Direct gradient analysis 339





6 Presenting Information 343





Written reports 344





Title 345





Abstract 345





Acknowledgements 346





Contents 346





Introduction 347





Methods 347





Results 348





Illustrations (Tables, Figures, Plates, Equations, etc.) 349





Discussion 354





References 354





Citing papers 355





Appendices 358





Archiving data 359





Authors' contributions 359





Writing style 359





Tense 362





Passive tense 362





Numbers 362





Abbreviations 363





Punctuation 364





Choice of font 365





Common mistakes 366





Computer files 368





Specific guidance for writing for a journal 368





Specific guidance for preparing a poster 371





Specific guidance for preparing an oral presentation 376





Summary 379





Appendix 1 Glossary of Statistical Terms 381





References 387





Index 409

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