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Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, Second Edition

Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, Second Edition

Authors
Publisher John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Year 2020
Pages 432
Version paperback
Readership level Professional and scholarly
Language English
ISBN 9781119515227
Categories Pollution & threats to the environment
$89.28 (with VAT)
396.90 PLN / €85.09 / £73.87
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Book description

Enlightens readers on the realities of global atmospheric change, including global warming and poor air quality


Climate change and air pollution are two of the most pressing issues facing Mankind. This book gives undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and professionals working in the science and policy of pollution, climate change and air quality a broad and up-to-date account of the processes that occur in the atmosphere, how these are changing as Man's relentless use of natural resources continues, and what effects these changes are having on the Earth's climate and the quality of the air we breathe.


Written by an international team of experts, Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, 2nd Edition provides an excellent overview of our current understanding of the state of the Earth's atmosphere and how it is changing. The first half of the book covers: the climate of the Earth; chemical evolution of the atmosphere; atmospheric energy and the structure of the atmosphere; biogeochemical cycles; and tropospheric chemistry and air pollution. The second half looks at cloud formation and chemistry; particulate matter in the atmosphere; stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion; boundary layer meteorology and atmospheric dispersion; urban air pollution; and global warming and climate change science.





Provides succinct but detailed information on all the important aspects of atmospheric science for students

Offers the most up-to-date treatment of key issues such as stratospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, and climate change

Each chapter includes basic concepts, end-of-section questions, and more in-depth material

Features contributions from the best experts and educators in the field of atmospheric science



Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, 2nd Edition is an invaluable resource for students, teachers, and professionals involved in environmental science. It will also appeal to those interested in learning how the atmosphere works, how humankind is changing its composition, and what effects these changes are leading to.

Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists, Second Edition

Table of contents

List of Contributors ix





Preface xi





Abbreviations, Constants, and Nomenclature xiii





1 The Climate of the Earth 1

John Lockwood





1.1 Basic Climatology 1





1.2 General Atmospheric Circulation 3





1.3 Palaeoclimates 6





1.4 Polar Climates 12





1.5 Temperate Latitude Climates 16





1.6 Tropical Climates 20





Questions 28





References 28





Further Reading 30





2 Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere 31

Richard Wayne





2.1 Creation of the Planets and Their Earliest Atmospheres 34





2.2 Earth's Atmosphere before Life Began 37





2.3 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars 38





2.4 Life and Earth's Atmosphere 41





2.5 Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Atmosphere 47





2.6 The Rise of Oxygen Concentrations 50





2.7 Protection of Life from Ultraviolet Radiation 60





2.8 The Great Oxidation Event and Related Issues 64





2.9 The Future 68





Questions 68





References 69





Further Reading 74





3 Atmospheric Energy and the Structure of the Atmosphere 75

Hugh Coe





3.1 The Vertical Structure of Earth's Atmosphere 75





3.2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 77





3.3 Solar Radiation, Ozone, and the Stratospheric Temperature Profile 82





3.4 Trapping of Longwave Radiation 85





3.5 A Simple Model of Radiation Transfer 85





3.6 Light Scattering 90





3.7 Conduction, Convection, and Sensible and Latent Heat 96





3.8 Energy Budget for Earth's Atmosphere 103





3.9 Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate 106





3.10 Solar Radiation and the Biosphere 109





3.11 Summary 111





Questions 112





References 112





Further Reading 114





4 Biogeochemical Cycles 115

Dudley Shallcross and Anwar Khan





4.1 Sources 119





4.2 Sinks 119





4.3 Carbon 124





4.4 Nitrogen 132





4.5 Sulphur 134





4.6 Halogens 142





4.7 Hydrogen 152





4.8 Summary 153





Questions 153





References 154





Further Reading 157





5 Tropospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 159

Paul Monks and Joshua Vande Hey





5.1 Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere 159





5.2 Key Processes in Tropospheric Chemistry 164





5.3 Initiation of Photochemistry by Light 165





5.4 Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry 166





5.5 Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry 178





5.6 Halogen Chemistry 182





5.7 Air Pollution and Urban Chemistry 187





5.8 Summary 195





Questions 197





References 199





Further Reading 202





6 Cloud Formation and Chemistry 203

Peter Brimblecombe





6.1 Clouds 203





6.2 Cloud Formation 204





6.3 Particle Size and Water Content 207





6.4 Dissolved Solids in Cloud Water and Rainfall 209





6.5 Dissolution of Gases 211





6.6 Reactions and Photochemistry 219





6.7 Radical and Photochemical Reactions 224





6.8 Summary 227





References 228





Further Reading 231





Websites 231





7 Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 233

Paul I. Williams





7.1 Aerosol Properties 235





7.2 Aerosol Sources 245





7.3 The Role of Atmospheric Particles 254





7.4 Aerosol Measurements 262





7.5 Summary 265





Acknowledgement 266





Questions 266





References 267





8 Stratospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion 271

Martyn P. Chipperfield and A. Rob MacKenzie





8.1 Ozone Column Amounts 272





8.2 Physical Structure of the Stratosphere 275





8.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Stratosphere 282





8.4 Aerosols and Clouds in the Stratosphere 287





8.5 Heterogeneous Chemistry of the Stratosphere 290





8.6 Future Perturbations to the Stratosphere 291





8.7 Summary 295





Questions 295





References 296





9 Boundary Layer Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion 299

Janet Barlow and Natalie Theeuwes





9.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 299





9.2 Flow over Vegetation 307





9.3 The Urban Boundary Layer 312





9.4 Dispersion of Pollutants 319





9.5 Summary 326





Questions 327





References 327





Further Reading 329





10 Urban Air Pollution 331

Zongbo Shi





10.1 Introduction 331





10.2 Urban Air Pollution - A Brief History 331





10.3 Scale of Urban Air Pollution 333





10.4 Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Urban Atmosphere 334





10.5 From Emissions to Airborne Concentrations 339





10.6 Urban-Scale Impacts 343





10.7 Means of Mitigation 349





10.8 Summary 361





Acknowledgement 363





Questions 363





References 364





Further Reading 365





11 Global Warming and Climate Change Science 367

Atul Jain, Xiaoming Xu, and Nick Hewitt





11.1 Historical Evidence of the Impact of Human Activities on Climate 369





11.2 Future Outlook of Climate Change 379





11.3 The Integrated Science Assessment Modelling (ISAM) 386





11.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 393





11.5 Summary 395





Acknowledgement 396





Questions 396





References 396





Appendix: Suggested Web Resources 399





Index 401

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