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Soil Microenvironment for Bioremediation and Polymer Production

Soil Microenvironment for Bioremediation and Polymer Production

Authors
Publisher John Wiley & Sons Inc
Year 2019
Pages 420
Version hardback
Readership level Professional and scholarly
Language English
ISBN 9781119592051
Categories Microbiology (non-medical)
$245.17 (with VAT)
1 089.90 PLN / €233.67 / £202.85
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Book description

The book consists of 21 chapters by subject matter experts and is divided into four parts: Soil Microenvironment and Biotransformation Mechanisms; Synergistic effects between substrates and Microbes; Polyhydroxyalakanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability; and Cellulose based biomaterials: Benefits and challenges.


Included in the chapters are classical bioremediation approaches and advances in the use of nanoparticles for removal of radioactive waste. The book also discusses the production of applied emerging biopolymers using diverse microorganisms. All chapters are supplemented with comprehensive illustrative diagrams and comparative tables.

Soil Microenvironment for Bioremediation and Polymer Production

Table of contents

Preface xvii





Part 1: Soil Microenvironment and Biotransformation Mechanisms 1





1 Applications of Microorganisms in Agriculture for Nutrients Availability 3

Fehmida Fasim and Bushra Uziar





1.1 Introduction 3





1.1.1 Land and Soil Deterioration 4





1.1.2 Micro-Nutrients Lacks 4





1.2 Biofertilizers 4





1.3 Rhizosphere 5





1.4 Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria 5





1.4.1 Nitrogen Fixation 6





1.4.2 Phosphate Solubilization 8





1.5 Microbial Mechanisms of Phosphate Solubilization 9





1.5.1 Organic Phosphate 9





1.5.2 Organic Phosphate Solubilization 10





1.6 Bacterial and Fungi Coinoculation 11





1.7 Conclusion 11





References 12





2 Native Soil Bacteria: Potential Agent for Bioremediation 17

Ranjan Kumar Mohapatra, Haragobinda Srichandan, Snehasish Mishra and Pankaj Kumar Parhi





2.1 Introduction 17





2.2 Current Soil Pollution Scenario 19





2.2.1 Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Xenobiotic Compounds 19





2.2.2 Soil Pollution by Extensive Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Practices 20





2.2.3 Pollution Due to Emerging Pollutants (Wastes from Pharmaceutical and Personal-Care Products) 21





2.2.4 Soil Pollution by Pathogenic Microorganisms 22





2.2.5 Soil Pollution Due to Oil and Petroleum Hydrocarbons 23





2.2.6 Soil Pollution by the Nuclear and Radioactive Wastes 25





2.2.7 Soil Pollution by Military Activities and Warfare 26





2.3 Effects of Soil Pollution 26





2.3.1 Effects of Soil Pollution on Plants 26





2.3.2 Effects of Soil Pollution on Human Health 26





2.4 Diversity of Soil Bacteria from Contaminated Sites 27





2.5 Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants 27





2.6 Bioremediation Mechanisms 27





2.7 Factors Affecting Bioremediation/Biosorption Process 29





2.8 Microbial Bioremediation Approaches 30





2.8.1 In Situ Bioremediation 30





2.8.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation 30





2.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective 30





Acknowledgements 30





References 31





3 Bacterial Mediated Remediation: A Strategy to Combat Pesticide Residues In Agricultural Soil 35

Atia Iqbal





3.1 Introduction 35





3.2 Effects of Pesticides 36





3.3 Pesticide Degradation 37





3.4 Bacterial Mediated Biodegradation of Various Pesticides 38





3.4.1 Organophosphate Pesticides Degrading Bacteria 38





3.4.2 Methyl Parathion Mineralizing Bacteria (MP) 39





3.4.3 Mesotrione Degrading Bacteria 39





3.4.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biodegradation 39





3.4.5 Bispyribac Sodium (BS) Degrading Bacteria 40





3.4.6 Carbamates (CRBs) Degradation 40





3.4.7 Propanil Degradation 40





3.4.8 Atrazine Degradation 40





3.4.9 Phenanthrene Degradation 40





3.4.10 Imidacloprid Degradation 41





3.4.11 Endusulfan Degradation 41





3.4.12 DDT 42





3.5 Conclusion 42





References 49





4 Study of Plant Microbial Interaction in Formation of Cheese Production: A Vegan's Delight 55

Sundaresan Bhavaniramya, Ramar Vanajothi, Selvaraju Vishnupriya and Dharmar Baskaran





4.1 Introduction 55





4.2 Cheese Concern - Vegan's Delight 57





4.3 Microorganism Interaction Pattern 57





4.4 Types of Microorganism Involved in Cheese Production 57





4.5 Lactic Acid Role in Fermentation 59





4.6 Microorganism Involved in Lactic Acid Fermentation 59





4.7 Streptococcus 60





4.8 Propionibacterium 60





4.9 Leuconostoc 60





4.10 Microorganisms in Flavor Development 61





4.11 Flavor Production 63





4.12 Enzymes Interaction during Ripening of Cheese 63





4.13 Pathways Involved in Cheese Ripening 64





4.14 Microbes of Interest in Flavor Formation 66





4.15 Structure of Flavored Compound in Cheese 67





4.16 Plant-Based Cheese Analogues 67





4.17 Plant-Based Proteins 68





4.18 Aspartic Protease 69





4.19 Cysteine Protease 69





4.20 Plant-Based Milk Alternatives 69





4.21 Types of Vegan Cheese 70





4.22 Future Scope and Conclusion 71





Acknowledgment 71





References 71





5 Microbial Remediation of Pesticide Polluted Soils 75

Cesar Quintela and Cristiano Varrone





5.1 Introduction 75





5.2 Types of Pesticides 77





5.3 Fate of Pesticides in the Environment 81





5.3.1 Factors Affecting Pesticide Fate 81





5.3.2 Pesticides Degradation 84





5.3.3 Pesticide Remediation 85





5.4 Screening for Pesticide Degrading Microorganisms 85





5.4.1 Case Study 86





5.5 Designing Pesticide Degrading Consortia 87





5.5.1 Case Study 88





5.6 Challenges to be Addressed and Future Perspectives 88





References 90





6 Eco-Friendly and Economical Method for Detoxification of Pesticides by Microbes 95

Anjani Kumar Upadhyay, Abhik Mojumdar, Vishakha Raina and Lopamudra Ray





6.1 Introduction 95





6.2 Classification of Pesticides 96





6.3 Fate of Pesticide in Soil 96





6.3.1 Transport of Pesticides in the Environment 96





6.3.2 Interaction of Pesticides with Soil 98





6.4 Microbial and Phytoremediation of Pesticides 99





6.4.1 Biodegradation and Bioremediation 99





6.4.2 Microbial Remediation of Pesticides 102





6.4.3 Phytoremediation of Pesticides 103





6.4.4 Strategies to Enhance the Efficiency of Bioremediation 103





6.4.5 Metabolic Aspects of Pesticides Bioremediation 105





6.5 Effects on Human and Environment 106





6.6 Advancement in Pesticide Bioremediation 107





6.7 Limitations of Bioremediation 107





6.8 Future Perspectives 108





Acknowledgement 108





References 108





Part 2: Synergistic Effects Between Substrates and Microbes 115





7 Bioleaching: A Bioremediation Process to Treat Hazardous Wastes 117

Haragobinda Srichandan, Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Pankaj K. Parhi and Snehasish Mishra





7.1 Introduction 117





7.2 Microbes in Bioleaching 118





7.2.1 Bacteria 118





7.2.2 Fungi 119





7.3 Acidophilic Bioleaching 119





7.3.1 Contact (Direct) Mechanism 119





7.3.2 Non-Contact (Indirect) Mechanism 120





7.4 Metal Removal Pathways 120





7.4.1 Thiosulphate Pathway 120





7.4.2 Polysulphide Pathway 121





7.5 Fungal Bioleaching 122





7.6 Various Hazardous Wastes 122





7.6.1 Electronic Wastes (E-Wastes) 123





7.6.2 Spent Petroleum Catalyst 123





7.6.3 Sludge 123





7.6.4 Slag 123





7.7 Applications of Bioleaching Approach to Various Hazardous Wastes 123





7.7.1 Bioleaching of Electronic Wastes 124





7.7.2 Bioleaching of Spent Catalyst 124





7.7.3 Bioleaching of Sludge (Containing Heavy or Toxic metals) 125





7.7.4 Bioleaching of Slag 125





7.8 Conclusion 126





Acknowledgements 126





References 126





8 Microbial Bioremediation of Azo Dyes in Textile Industry Effluent: A Review on Bioreactor-Based Studies 131

Shweta Agrawal, Devayani Tipre and Shailesh Dave





8.1 Introduction 131





8.2 Microorganism Involved in Dye Bioremediation 132





8.2.1 Bacterial Remediation of Dyes 132





8.2.2 Mycoremediation 135





8.2.3 Phycoremediation 135





8.2.4 Consortial (Co-Culture) Dye Bioremediation 135





8.3 Mechanism of Dye Biodegradation 139





8.3.1 Anaerobic Azo Dye Reduction 139





8.3.2 Aerobic Oxidation of Aromatic Amines 140





8.3.3 Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Azo Dyes 141





8.4 Reactor Design for Dye Bioremediation 141





8.4.1 Anaerobic Reactors 142





8.4.2 Aerobic Reactors 154





8.4.3 Combined (Integrated/Sequential) Bioreactor 157





8.4.4 Combinatorial Approaches 162





8.5 Limitations and Future Prospects 163





8.6 Conclusions 163





References 164





9 Antibiofilm Property of Biosurfactant Produced by Nesterenkonia sp. MCCB 225 Against Shrimp Pathogen, Vibrio harveyi 173

Gopalakrishnan Menon, Issac Sarojini Bright Singh, Prasannan Geetha Preena and Sumitra Datta





9.1 Introduction 173





9.2 Materials and Methods 174





9.2.1 Isolation, Screening and Identification of Bacteria 174





9.2.2 Biofilm Disruption Studies 175





9.3 Results and Discussion 175





9.3.1 Bacterial Identification 175





9.3.2 Biofilm Disruption Studies 175





9.4 Conclusion 178





Acknowledgements 178





References 178





10 Role of Cr (VI) Resistant Bacillus megaterium in Phytoremediation 181

Rabia Faryad Khan and Rida Batool





10.1 Introduction 181





10.2 Materials and Methods 183





10.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Chromate Resistant Bacteria 183





10.2.2 Determination of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of Chromate 183





10.2.3 Ribo-Typing of Bacterial Isolate rCrI 183





10.2.4 Estimation of Chromate Reduction Potential 183





10.2.5 Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Profiling 183





10.2.6 Growth Curve Studies 184





10.2.7 Chromium Uptake Estimation 185





10.2.8 Statistical Analysis 185





10.3 Results 185





10.3.1 Isolation and Characterization of Cr(VI) Resistant Bacterial Isolates 185





10.3.2 Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Profiling 186





10.3.3 Estimation of Cr(VI) Reduction Potential 186





10.3.4 Ribo-Typing of Bacterial Isolate 186





10.3.5 Growth Curve Studies 186





10.3.6 Plant Microbe Interaction Studies Under Laboratory Conditions 187





10.3.7 Biochemical Parameters 188





10.3.8 Plant Microbe Interaction Studies Under Field Conditions 190





10.3.8.4 Number of Roots 190





10.3.9 Biochemical Parameters 190





10.4 Discussion 191





10.5 Conclusion 193





Acknowledgment 193





References 193





11 Conjugate Magnetic Nanoparticles and Microbial Remediation, a Genuine Technology to Remediate Radioactive Waste 197

Bushra Uzair, Anum Shaukat, Fehmida Fasim, Sadaf Maqbool





11.1 Introduction 197





11.2 Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles Conjugates 199





11.2.1 Potential Benefits 199





11.2.2 Synthesis and Application 200





11.2.3 Factors Affecting Sorption 200





11.2.4 Limitations 203





11.3 Microbial Communities 203





11.3.1 Fungi as Radio-Nuclides Remade 203





11.3.2 Immobilization of Radionuclide Through Enzymatic Reduction 204





11.3.3 Immobilization Through Non-Enzymatic Reduction 204





11.3.4 Bio-Sorption of Radio-Nuclides 205





11.3.5 Biostimulation 206





11.3.6 Genetically Modified Microbes 206





11.3.7 Constraints 207





11.4 Conclusion 207





References 208





Part 3: Polyhydroxyalakanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability 213





12 Microbial Degradation of Plastics: New Plastic Degraders, Mixed Cultures and Engineering Strategies 215

Samantha Jenkins, Alba Martinez i Quer, Cesar Fonseca and Cristiano Varrone





12.1 Introduction 215





12.2 Plastics 216





12.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 217





12.2.2 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 217





12.3 Plastic Disposal, Reuse and Recycling 218





12.4 Plastic Biodegradation 219





12.4.1 Plastic-Degrading Microorganisms and Enzymes 221





12.4.2 Biofilms and Plastic Biodegradation 224





12.4.3 Boosting Plastic Biodegradation by Physical and Chemical Processes 225





12.4.4 Pathway and Protein Engineering for Enhanced Plastic Biodegradation 226





12.4.5 Designing Plastic Degrading Consortia 229





12.5 Analytical Techniques to Study Plastic Degradation 230





12.6 Future Perspectives 232





References 233





13 Fatty acids as Novel Building-Blocks for Biomaterial Synthesis 239

Prasun Kumar





13.1 Introduction 239





13.2 Polyurethane (PUs) 241





13.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 243





13.4 Other Functional Attributes 246





13.4.1 Biosurfactants 246





13.4.2 Antibacterials and Biocontrol Agents 246





13.5 Future Perspectives 249





References 249





14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability 253

Binita Bhattacharyya, Himadri Tanaya Behera, Abhik Mojumdar, Vishakha Raina and Lopamudra Ray





14.1 Introduction 253





14.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 255





14.2.1 Properties of PHAs 258





14.2.2 Production of PHA 261





14.2.3 PHA Biosynthesis in Natural Isolates 261





14.2.4 Production of PHA by Digestion of Biological Wastes 262





14.2.5 PHA Production by Recombinant Bacteria 262





14..2.6 Production of PHA by Genetically Engineered Plants 264





14.2.7 PHA Production by Methylotrophs 264





14.2.8 PHA Production Using Waste Vegetable Oil by Pseudomonas sp. Strain DR2 264





14.2.9 Mass Production of PHA 265





14.3 Applications of PHA 266





14.4 Future Prospects 267





References 267





15 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Synthesis by Bacillus aryabhattai C48 Isolated from Cassava Dumpsites in South-Western, Nigeria 271

Fadipe Temitope O., Nazia Jamil and Lawal Adekunle K.





15.1 Introduction 271





15.2 Materials and Methods 272





15.2.1 Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterisation 272





15.2.2 Detection of PHA Production 273





15.2.3 Evaluation of PHA Production 273





15.2.4 Extraction of PHA 273





15.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Extracted PHA 274





15.2.6 Amplification of PhaC and PhaR Genes of Bacillus aryabhattai C48 274





15.3 Results and Discussion 274





15.4 Conclusion 280





Acknowledgements 280





References 280





Part 4: Cellulose-Based Biomaterials: Benefits and Challenges 283





16 Cellulose Nanocrystals-Based Composites 285

Teboho Clement Mokhena, Maya Jacob John, Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane, Asanda Mtibe, Teboho Simon Motsoeneng, Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu and Cyrus Alushavhiwi Tshifularo





16.1 Introduction 285





16.2 Classification of Polymers 286





16.3 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites 286





16.3.1 Solution Casting 287





16.3.2 Three Dimensional Printing (3D-Printing) 292





16.3.3 Electrospinning 294





16.3.4 Other Processing Techniques 294





16.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Biopolymers 294





16.4.1 Starch 294





16.4.2 Alginate 295





16.4.3 Chitosan 296





16.4.4 Cellulose 297





16.4.5 Other Biopolymers 298





16.5 Hybrids 298





16.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 300





Acknowledgements 300





References 300





17 Progress on Production of Cellulose from Bacteria 307

Tladi Gideon Mofokeng, Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane, Vincent Ojijo, Suprakas Sinha Ray and Teboho Clement Mokhena





17.1 Introduction 307





17.2 Production of Microbial Cellulose (MC) 308





17.3 Applications of Microbial Cellulose (MC) 312





17.3.1 Skin Therapy and Wound Healing System 313





17.3.2 Scaffolds for Artificial Cornea 314





17.3.3 Cardiovascular Implants 315





Future Perspective 315





References 316





18 Recent Developments of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials 319

Asanda Mtibe, Teboho Clement Mokhena, Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane





18.1 Introduction 319





18.2 Extraction of Cellulose Fibers 320





18.3 Nanocellulose 324





18.4 Surface Modification 327





18.4.1 Alkali Treatment (Mercerization) 327





18.4.2 Silane Treatment 328





18.4.3 Acetylation 328





18.5 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials 329





18.5.1 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 329





18.5.2 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 331





18.5.3 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Wound Dressing 332





18.6 Summary and Future Prospect of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials 333





Reference 334





19 Insights of Bacterial Cellulose: Bio and Nano-Polymer Composites Towards Industrial Application 339

Vishnupriya Selvaraju, Bhavaniramya Sundaresan, Baskaran Dharmar





19.1 Introduction 339





19.1.1 Nanocellulose 340





19.2 Bacterial Cellulose 343





19.2.1 Bacterial Strains Producing Cellulose 343





19.2.2 Different Methods of Bacterial Cellulose Production 344





19.3 Nanocomposites 346





19.3.1 Bio-Nanocomposite-Based on CNF 346





19.3.2 Bio-Nanocomposite-Based on CNC 346





19.3.3 Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites 346





19.4 Methods of Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose Composites 347





19.5 Combination of Bacterial Cellulose with Other Materials 349





19.5.1 Polymer 349





19.5.2 Metals and Solid Materials 350





19.6 Industrial Applications of Bacterial Cellulose Composites 350





19.6.1 Biomedical Applications 350





19.6.2 Food Application 351





19.6.3 Electrical Industry 351





19.7 Future Scope and Conclusion 352





Acknowledgement 352





References 352





20 Biodegradable Polymers Reinforced with Lignin and Lignocellulosic Materials 357

M.A. Sibeko, V.C. Agbakoba, T.C. Mokhena, P.S. Hlangothi





20.1 Introduction 357





20.2 Biodegradable Polymers 358





20.2.1 Natural Polymers 359





20.2.2 Biodegradable Polyesters 360





20.2.3 Biodegradation 362





20.3 Biodegradable Fillers 362





20.3.1 Plant Fibers as Biodegradable Fillers 363





20.3.2 Cellulose as Biodegradable Fillers 364





20.3.3 Lignin as Biodegradable Fillers 364





20.4 Properties of Different Biopolymers Reinforced with Lignin 365





20.4.1 Surface Morphology 365





20.4.2 Mechanical Properties 366





20.4.3 Thermal Properties 368





20.5 Applications of Bio-Nanocomposites 369





Concluding Remarks 369





Acknowledgements 370





References 370





21 Structure and Properties of Lignin-Based Biopolymers in Polymer Production 375

Teboho Simon Motsoeneng, Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane, Teboho Clement Mokhena and Maya Jacob John





21.1 Introduction 375





21.2 An Insight on the Biopolymers 376





21.2.1 Natural Lignin Biopolymer 377





21.2.2 Drawbacks of Lignin Biopolymer 378





21.3 Extraction and Post-Treatment of Lignin Biomaterial 378





21.3.1 Extraction Methods and their Effect on the Recovery and Functionality 379





21.3.2 Modification of Lignin Functional Groups 381





21.3.3 Preparation of Lignin-Based Biopolymers Blends (LBBs) 383





21.4 Characterization Methods and Validation of Lignin-Biopolymers 386





21.4.1 Chemical Interaction Between Lignin and Synthetic Polymers 386





21.4.2 Morphology-Property Relationship of the LBB 387





21.5 Indispensability of LBB on the Chemical Release Control in the Environment 388





21.6 Conclusion and Future Remarks 388





References 389





Index 393

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