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Introductory logic is generally taught as a straightforward technical discipline. In this book, John MacFarlane helps the reader think about the limitations of, presuppositions of, and alternatives to classical first-order predicate logic, making this an ideal introduction to philosophical logic for any student who already has completed an introductory logic course.


The book explores the following questions. Are there quantificational idioms that cannot be expressed with the familiar universal and existential quantifiers? How can logic be extended to capture modal notions like necessity and obligation? Does the material conditional adequately capture the meaning of 'if'-and if not, what are the alternatives? Should logical consequence be understood in terms of models or in terms of proofs? Can one intelligibly question the validity of basic logical principles like Modus Ponens or Double Negation Elimination? Is the fact that classical logic validates the inference from a contradiction to anything a flaw, and if so, how can logic be modified to repair it? How, exactly, is logic related to reasoning? Must classical logic be revised in order to be applied to vague language, and if so how? Each chapter is organized around suggested readings and includes exercises designed to deepen the reader's understanding.


Key Features:




An integrated treatment of the technical and philosophical issues comprising philosophical logic
Designed to serve students taking only one course in logic beyond the introductory level
Provides tools and concepts necessary to understand work in many areas of analytic philosophy
Includes exercises, suggested readings, and suggestions for further exploration in each chapter "This is the perfect book for coverage of classic debates in mainstream philosophy of logic. It's also the perfect source for exceptionally clear reviews of standard logical machinery (e.g., standard modal machinery, quantifier machinery, higher-order machinery, etc.). Very user-friendly, clear, and accurate on all of the topics that it covers, this is my new required text for classic debates in the philosophy of logic."
Jc Beall, University of Notre Dame


"John MacFarlane displays his usual lively and engaging writing style, and is neutral on controversial issues, giving the arguments employed by both sides. It is an excellent overview of some key topics in the field."
Stewart Shapiro, Ohio State University

Philosophical Logic: A Contemporary Introduction

Preface





1 Fundamentals

1.1 Propositional logic

1.2 Predicate logic

1.3 Identity

1.4 Use and mention





2 Quantifiers

2.1 Beyond and

2.2 Definite descriptions

2.3 Second-order quantifiers

2.4 Substitutional quantifiers





3 Modal Logic

3.1 Modal propositional logic

3.2 Modal predicate logic

3.3 The slingshot argument

3.4 Kripke's defense of de re modality





4 Conditionals

4.1 The material conditional

4.2 No truth conditions?

4.3 Stalnaker's semantics and pragmatics

4.4 Is Modus Ponens valid?





5 Logical Consequence via Models

5.1 Informal characterizations of consequence

5.2 Tarski's account of logical consequence

5.3 Interpretational and representational semantics



6 Logical Consequence via Proofs

6.1 Introduction rules as self-justifying

6.2 Prawitz's proof-theoretic account of consequence

6.3 Intuitionistic logic

6.4 Kripke semantics for intuitionistic logic

6.5 Fundamental logical disagreement





7 Relevance, Logic, and Reasoning

7.1 Motivations for relevance logic

7.2 The Lewis Argument

7.3 First-degree entailment

7.4 Logic and reasoning

7.5 Uses for relevance logic



8 Vagueness and the Sorites Paradox

8.1 What is vagueness?

8.2 Three-valued logics

8.3 Fuzzy logics

8.4 Supervaluations

8.5 Vagueness in the world?





Appendix A: Greek Letters

Appendix B: Set-Theoretic Notation

Appendix C: Proving Unrepresentability