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This book contains some of the material which originally appeared in my Ph. D. thesis Lexical Phonology, submitted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but it can hardly be called a revised version of the thesis. The theory that I propose here is in many ways radically different from the one that I proposed in the thesis, and there is a great deal of new data and analyses from English and Malayalam. Chapter VI is so new that I haven't even had the time to try it out on my friends. As everyone knows, research is a collective enterprise, even though an individual's name appears on the first page of the book or article. I would think of this book as a joint project involving dozens of people, in which I acted as the project coordinator, collecting suggestions from a wide variety of sources. Four major influences on what the book contains were Morris Halle, Paul Kiparsky, Mark Liberman, and Joan Bresnan. I learned the ropes of doing research on phonology, phonetics, and morphology from them, and almost everything that I discuss in this book owes its shape ultimately to one of them. Among the others who contributed generously to this book are: Jay Keyser, James Harris, Douglas Pulleyblank, Diana Archangeli, Donca Steriade, Elizabeth Selkirk, Francois Dell, Noam Chomsky, Philip Lesourd, Mohammed Guerssel, Michel Kenstovicz, Raj Singh, Will Leben, Joe Perkell, Victor Zue, Paroo Nihalani. P. Madhavan, and Stephanie Shattuck-Hafnagel.

The Theory of Lexical Phonology

I: Introduction.- 1.1. The Issues.- 1.2. The Historical Perspective.- 1.3. The Spiral of Progress.- Notes.- II: An Outline of the Theory: English Phonology.- 2.1. Lexical and Postlexical Rule Applications.- 2.1.1. Two Criteria.- 2.1.2. Lexical Representations.- 2.1.3. Modularity in Lexical Phonology.- 2.1.4. The Intuitions: Word Phonology and Phrase Phonology.- 2.2. Lexical Morphology.- 2.3. The Use of Morphological Information in Phonology.- 2.3.1. Junctures and Rule Blocking.- 2.3.2. Junctures as Triggers: Bracket Erasure.- 2.3.3. Consequences of Bracket Erasure.- 2.4. How Many Strata in English?.- 2.4.1. Stratum 2 vs. Stratum 3: Stem Final Tensing.- 2.4.2. Syllable Structure in English.- 2.4.3. Strata 2,3 and 4: Syllabic Consonants.- 2.4.4. More on Strata 2, 3 and 4: [1] Velarization.- 2.4.5. Linking [r] in Nonrhotic Accents.- 2.4.6. Summary.- 2.5. Rules, Domains, and Stratum Ordering.- 2.5.1. Why Domains?.- 2.5.2. Multiple Stratum Domain in Phonology.- 2.5.3. Multiple Stratum Domain in Morphology.- 2.5.4. Marked and Unmarked Options.- 2.5.5. The Metaphor of Stratal Organization.- 2.5.6. Cycles and Strata.- 2.5.7. Cyclic and Noncyclic Strata.- 2.5.8. The Loop.- 2.6. The Mental Representation of Lexical Entries.- 2.6.1. Actual and Potential Words.- 2.6.2. Productivity: Phonological Rules and Performance.- 2.6.3. The Productivity Continuum.- Notes.- III: Malayalam Phonology: Segmentals.- 3.1. The Lexical Alphabet.- 3.1.1. Lexical Contrasts.- 3.1.2. Voicing of Stops.- 3.1.3. Lenition of Stops.- 3.1.4. Schwa Onglide after Voiced Stops.- 3.2. The Underlying Alphabet.- 3.2.1. Nasals: Place and Nasality Assimilations.- 3.2.2. Other Rules for Nasals.- 3.2.3. Underlying Stops.- 3.3. Syllable Structure in Malayalam.- 3.3.1. The Syllable Template.- 3.3.2. Glide Formation.- 3.3.3. Schwa Insertion.- 3.4. Lexical Strata in Malayalam.- 3.4.1. Productivity, Sanskrit and Dravidian.- 3.4.2. Two Types of Compounding.- 3.4.3. Schwa Insertion in Compounds.- 3.4.4. Degemination of Sonorants.- 3.4.5. Stem-Initial Gemination.- 3.4.6. Stem-Final Gemination.- 3.4.7. Postsonorant Gemination.- 3.4.8. Nasal Deletion.- 3.4.9. Vowel Lengthening.- 3.4.10. Vowel Sandhi.- 3.5. Summary.- Notes.- IV: Malayalam Phonology: Suprasegmentals.- 4.1. The Loop in Malayalam Morphology.- 4.2. Stress and Word Melody.- 4.2.1. Stress.- 4.2.2. Word Melody.- 4.3. The Domain of Stress and Word Melody.- 4.4. Schwa Insertion and Word Melody.- 4.5. An Ordering Paradox.- 4.6. The Effect of the Loop on Stress and Word Melody.- Notes.- V: Accessing Morphological Information.- 5.1. Types of Nonphonological Information in Phonology.- 5.2. Boundaries.- 5.2.1. Boundaries, Concatenation, and Domains.- 5.2.2. Boundary Assignment in SPE.- 5.2.3. Concatenation/Stratum vs. Boundary/Bracket Theories.- 5.3. Domains as Node Labels on Trees.- 5.3.1. Selkirk's Theory.- 5.3.2. Lexicalist Phonology: Concatenation, Stratum and Brackets.- 5.4. Hierarchical Structure in Morphology Notes.- VI: The Postlexical Module.- 6.1. Syntactic and Postsyntactic Modules.- 6.1.1. Accessing Syntactic Information in Phonology.- 6.1.2. Phonological Rules Sensitive to Syntax.- 6.1.3. Phonological Phrases.- 6.1.4. Preview.- 6.2. Speech as Implementation of Phonetic Representation.- 6.3. The Nature of Phonetic Representations.- 6.3.1. Phonetic Features on a Scale.- 6.3.2. How Abstract are Phonetic Representations?.- 6.3.3. The Status of Segments in Phonetic Representations.- 6.4. Language-Specific Implementational Phenomena.- 6.5. Types of Subsegmental Phenomena.- 6.5.1. Timing of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.2. Coordination of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.3. Degree of Articulatory Gestures.- 6.5.4. Enhancement as Phonetic Implementation.- 6.6. Underlying and Lexical Alphabets.- 6.7. Phonological Structure and Phonetic Implementation.- 6.8. Phonetic Implementation and Classical Phonemics.- 6.8.1. Conditions Relating the Phonemic and Phonetic Levels.- 6.8.2. The Nature of the Mapping.- Notes.- VII: Lexical Phonology and Psychological Reality.- 7.1. The Nature of Evidence in Phonology.- 7.1.1. Corpus vs. Speaker Behaviour.- 7.1.2. Internal and External Evidence.- 7.2. Speaker Judgments.- 7.2.1. Judgments on the Number of Segments.- 7.2.2. Judgments on Segment Distinctions.- 7.2.3. The Perceptual Grid.- 7.2.4. What the Speakers Think They Are Saying or Hearing.- 7.3. Phonemic Orthography.- 7.4. Conventions of Sound Patterning in Versification.- 7.4.1. Rhyme in English.- 7.4.2. Rhyme in Malayalam.- 7.4.3. Metre in Malayalam.- Notes.- Conclusion.- References.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.