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This book is a unique guide to making the world a better place. Experts apply a critical eye to the United Nations' Sustainable Development agenda, also known as the Global Goals, which will affect the flow of $2.5 trillion of development aid up until 2030. Renowned economists, led by Bjorn Lomborg, determine what pursuing different targets will cost and achieve in social, environmental and economic benefits. There are 169 targets, covering every area of international development - from health to education, sanitation to conflict. Together, these analyses make the case for prioritizing the most effective development investments. A panel of Nobel Laureate economists identify a set of 19 phenomenal development targets, and argue that this would achieve as much as quadrupling the global aid budget. 'It is vital that funds for international development are deployed to the greatest impact, given the scale of the needs in many nations around the world. The challenge of sustainably eliminating poverty is complex and challenging. Evidence-based policy is critical to ensure the greatest benefit is delivered to people in the most impoverished communities. Contributions to the ongoing debate about the most effective approaches to international development must be welcomed and the Copenhagen Consensus Center continues to play an important role in that process.' Julie Bishop, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia 'This book shows how data and economic evidence can help improve outcomes in development spending. By focusing on costs and benefits, this book challenges all of us to question our priorities, and sets out the case for policy-makers to sharpen the Sustainable Development agenda so that more is achieved with scarce dollars.' Lawrence H. Summers, President Emeritus, Harvard University, Director of the National Economic Council in the Obama Administration, Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton Administration and former Chief Economist at the World Bank 'The Copenhagen Consensus should be applauded for its campaign to bring rigorous CBA evidence to bear in public debates on the scope of the SDGs. The papers collected here informed a comprehensive scorecard that covered the majority of the proposed targets and was available during the final year of negotiations. The analysis suggested what was at stake: assuming best-practice interventions, a failure to prioritize across goals could reduce a comprehensive measure of total benefits by 75 percent or more per dollar of costs. Losses of similar magnitude could accompany the pursuit of overambitious target levels or suboptimal interventions.' Stefan Dercon and Stephen A. O'Connell, former Chief Economist DFID and former Chief Economist USAID, from the Foreword 'We welcome this contribution from the Copenhagen Consensus Center and remain confident that it, along with all ideas and similar initiatives from civil society stakeholders, will enrich the deliberations.' Amina Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Special Advisor on Post-2015 Development Planning to the Secretary General of the United Nations 'Effective investments for today's children are fundamental for a better and more equitable world in future. The Copenhagen Consensus Centre brings a simple but compelling logic to this endeavour: if we want to make sure that this world is realized for our children, let's focus on the investments that will generate the most good.' Richard Morgan, Senior Advisor on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, UNICEF 'Figuring out the best way to help the world's poor isn't like solving a math problem. There are not right and wrong answers. But there are better and worse answers, and the only way to assign those priorities is to set aside our sentimental commitments and do the hard work of assessing costs and benefits.' Matt Ridley, The Wall Street Journal 'That sort of principle, which associates benefits with costs, ought to be applied to massive investments in human development. Unfortunately, we need to choose which terrible blights we need to prevent and which we do not. People hate thinking that way (and they hate those who write about it). Nobody wants to put dollar values on a disease, a treatment, a life, an ocean, or the future of a country. But feel-good virtue alone rarely succeeds, and, if the Millennium Development Goals have demonstrated anything, it is that this planet and the people who live so tenuously on it will survive only if we spend our money on programs that work.' Michael Specter, The New Yorker

Prioritizing Development: A Cost Benefit Analysis of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals

Foreword Stefan Dercon and Stephen A. O'Connell; Introduction Bjorn Lomborg; 1. Benefits and costs of air pollution targets for the post-2015 development agenda Bjorn Larsen; 2. Targets for biodiversity and deforestation Anil Markandya; 3. Climate change Isabel Galiana; 4. Beyond civil war: the costs of interpersonal violence James Fearon and Anke Hoeffler; 5. Data revolution: the cost and benefit of data needed to monitor the post-2015 development agenda Morten Jerven; 6. Post-2015 consensus: education challenge paper George Psacharopoulos; 7. Benefits and costs of the energy targets for the post-2015 development agenda Isabel Galiana and Amy Sopinka; 8. Benefits and costs of the IFF targets for the post-2015 development agenda Alex Cobham; 9. Benefits and costs of the trade targets for the post-2015 development agenda Kym Anderson; 10. Benefits and costs of the health targets for the post-2015 development agenda Prabhat Jha, Ryan Hum, Cindy L. Gauvreau and Keeley Jordan; 11. Benefits and costs of the non-communicable disease targets for the post-2015 development agenda Rachel Nugent and Elizabeth Brouwer; 12. Benefits and costs of the women's health targets for the post-2015 development agenda Dara Lee Luca, Johanne Helene Iversen, Alyssa Shiraishi Lubet, Elizabeth Mitgang, Kristine Husoy Onarheim, Klaus Prettner and David E. Bloom; 13. Benefits and costs of TB control for the post-2015 development agenda Anna Vassall; 14. Benefits and costs of the infant mortality targets for the post-2015 development agenda Gunther Fink; 15. Benefits and costs of the HIV/AIDS targets for the post-2015 development agenda Pascal Geldsetzer, Salal Humair, David E. Bloom and Till Barnighausen; 16. Benefits and costs of the Malaria targets for the post-2015 consensus project Neha Raykar and Ramanan Laxminarayan; 17. Benefits and costs of digital technology: infrastructure targets for the post-2015 development agenda Emmanuelle Auriol and Alexia Lee Gonzalez Fanfalone; 18. Returns to investment in reducing postharvest food losses and increasing agricultural productivity growth Mark W. Rosegrant, Eduardo Magalhaes, Rowena A. Valmonte-Santos and Daniel Mason-D'Croz; 19. Benefits and costs of the gender equality targets for the post-2015 development agenda Irma Clots-Figueras; 20. Benefits and costs of the food and nutrition targets for the post-2015 development agenda Susan Horton and John Hoddinott; 21. Benefits and costs of the population and demography targets for the post-2015 development agenda Hans-Peter Kohler and Jere R. Behrman; 22. Benefits and costs of two science and technology targets for the post-2015 development agenda Keith Maskus; 23. Benefits and costs of the water sanitation and hygiene targets for the post-2015 development agenda Guy Hutton; 24. Benefits and costs of the poverty targets for the post-2015 development agenda John Gibson; 25. Good governance and the sustainable development goals Mary E. Hilderbrand; Conclusion: identifying phenomenal development targets Finn Kydland, Tom Schelling and Nancy Stokey; How to implement the global goals, knowing what does a lot of good and what doesn't Bjorn Lomborg.