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Psychology continues to be one of the most popular fields of study at colleges and universities the world over, and Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the historical, methodological, and conceptual core of modern psychology. This textbook enables students to gain foundational knowledge of psychological investigation, exploring both the biological basis and mental processes underlying our thoughts and behaviours. Officially endorsed by the British Psychological Society, this book covers topics ranging from biological, cognitive and developmental psychology to the psychology of social interactions, psychopathology and mental health treatments. Each chapter provides detailed examination of essential topics, chapter summaries, real-world case studies, descriptions of research methods, and interactive learning activities to strengthen student comprehension and retention.


This textbook offers a wealth of supplementary material for instructors of introductory and advanced undergraduate courses in psychology. An instructor's manual includes lecture outlines, classroom discussion topics, homework assignments and test bank questions, while online access to additional digital content provides a complete resource to facilitate effective teaching and learning.

Introduction to Psychology

Contents





List of Contributors xxi





Preface xxiii





Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology 1

Dominic Upton, Charlotte Taylor, Felicity Penn, and Abbye Andrews





What Is Psychology? 2





Psychology's Roots: The Path to a Science of Mind and Behaviour 5





Levels of Analysis: Types of Psychology and Their Contribution to Understanding 13





Issues and Debates in Psychology 16





Bias in Psychological Research 22





Psychology at the Cultural Level 25





Psychology Today 29





Psychology in Action: Applying Psychological Science 32





Future Developments 40





Chapter Summary 42





Chapter 2 Research Methods in Psychology 51

Graham Hole





The Scientific Method 52





The Dissemination of Scientific Ideas 55





Quantitative Research Methods 56





Analysing and Interpreting Quantitative Data 77





Qualitative Research Methods 82





Good and Bad Practice in Psychological Research 87





Future Developments 95





Chapter Summary 98





Chapter 3 Evolutionary and Genetic Foundations of Psychology 107

Daniel Nettle





Introduction 108





What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation 112





Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity 120





Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection 129





Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation 134





The Value of Evolution for Psychology 138





Future Directions 147





Chapter Summary 150





Chapter 4 Neuroscience, the Brain, and Behaviour 157

Jamie Ward and Sarah King





Introduction 158





Neurons and Synaptic Transmission 159





Structure of the neuron 160





An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions 173





Animal Neuroscience Methods 179





Human Neuroscience Methods 184





Hemispheric Lateralization 192





Plasticity and the Brain 196





Future Directions 199





Chapter Summary 200





Chapter 5 Motivation 209

Graham Davey





Theories of Motivation 210





The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Hunger and Drinking 219





The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Sex and Aggression 229





Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation 240





Affiliation and Achievement Motivation 243





Applications of Theories of Motivation 247





Chapter Summary 250





Chapter 6 Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes 262

Zoltan Dienes and Anil Seth





Introduction 263





Theories of Consciousness: Higher-Order Versus Integration





Conscious Versus Unconscious Memory 270





Conscious Versus Unconscious Perception 279





Conscious Versus Unconscious Learning 292





Conscious Versus Unconscious Intentions: Volition and Hypnotic





Conscious Versus Unconscious Attitudes and Emotions 307





Functions of Consciousness and Future Directions 310





Chapter Summary 312





Chapter 7 Sensation and Perception 324

George Mather





Introduction 325





The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception 333





Sensory Qualia and Modality 340





Audition 347





Vision: Physiology 354





Visual stimulus 354





Vision: Perceiving Object Properties 360





Multimodal Perception 366





Future Directions 372





Chapter Summary 375





Chapter 8 Learning 382

Mark Haselgrove





Introduction: What Is Learning and Why Does It Happen? 383





Types of Learning 385





Human Causal Learning 404





The Theoretical Basis of Learning 407





The Adaptive Brain: Learning Through Connections 411





Practical and Clinical Applications of Learning 413





Conclusions and Future Directions 421





Chapter Summary 422





Chapter 9 Memory 429

Chris Moulin and Lucie Corbin





What Is Memory? 430





Memory for Beginners: The Cognitive Psychology of Remembering 436





Thinking About Memory: Models and Frameworks 443





Three Dichotomies in Human Memory 449





Future Directions 468





Chapter Summary 472





Chapter 10 Emotion 479

Brian Parkinson





Introduction 480





Emotion Differentiation 481





Facial Expression 496





Appraisal 505





What's Different About Different Emotions? 515





Conclusions and Future Directions 519





Chapter Summary 521





Chapter 11 Cognitive Development 529

Andy Bremner





Introduction 530





Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact 532





Research Methods in Developmental Psychology 538





Development of the Brain and Nervous System 541





Multisensory Perceptual Development 547





Sensorimotor Development 556





Cognitive Development 562





Chapter Summary 577





Chapter 12 Language and Thought 589

Alan Garnham





Introduction 590





Language 591





Thinking 609





Language and Thought 639





Chapter Summary 641





Chapter 13 Intelligence 650

Sophie von Stumm





Introduction and Defining Intelligence 651





History of Intelligence 654





Factors of Intelligence 663





Intelligence Development 671





Causes of Individual Differences in Intelligence 676





Alternative Models of Intelligence 684





Future Directions 687





Chapter Summary 689





Chapter 14 Personality 693

Tom Farsides





Introduction to Personality 694





Psychodynamic Personality Theory 697





Trait Personality Theory 708





Humanistic Personality Theory 719





Social Cognitive Personality Theories 730





Behaviourism 731





Observational learning 732





Culture and instruction 733





Self-efficacy beliefs 733





Goals and self-regulation 734





Conclusions and Future Directions 737





Chapter Summary 740





Chapter 15 Mental Health and Psychopathology 750

Frances Meeten and Graham Davey





Introduction to Psychopathology 751





A Brief History of Psychopathology 753





Defining Psychopathology 756





Explanatory Approaches to Psychopathology 760





Classifying Mental Health Problems 766





Mental Health and Stigma 768





Psychological Disorders 771





Conclusions and Future Directions 789





Chapter Summary 791





Chapter 16 The Treatment of Mental Health Problems 803

Kate Cavanagh and Graham Davey





Introduction 804





Psychological Treatments for Mental Health Problems 809





Ways of Delivering Psychological Therapy 822





Social and Environmental Approaches to Treatment 825





Biological Approaches to Treatment 828





Evaluating Treatments for Mental Health Problems 832





Conclusions and Future Directions 842





Chapter Summary 843





Chapter 17 Social Development 855

Lance Slade, Mark Wright, and Robin Banerjee





Introduction 856





Early Emotional Development and Temperament 857





Caregiver-Child Interactions and the Development of Attachment 863





Social Understanding and Self-Regulation 873





Socio-Moral Development 883





Who Am I? The Development of Self and Identity 890





Developing in a Social Context: Family, Peers, and Media 896





Future Directions 907





Chapter Summary 908





Chapter 18 Social Cognition and Attitudes 935

Russell Hutter, Chantelle Wood, Lucy Davies, and Mark Conner





Social Thinking 936





Self and Identity 939





Person Perception 1: Social Inference and Attribution 944





Person Perception 2: Social Cognition and Social Knowledge 948





Stereotyping 952





Attitudes and Attitude Change 958





Automatic Processes in Social Cognition 969





Future Directions 972





Chapter Summary 974





Chapter 19 Interpersonal, Group, and Intergroup Processes 986

Rhiannon N. Turner





Introduction 987





Interpersonal Processes 987





Group Processes 998





Intergroup Processes 1007





Future Directions 1017





Chapter Summary 1018





Index 1029