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Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering - GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G

Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering - GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G

Autorzy
Wydawnictwo John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Data wydania 24/08/2018
Liczba stron 416
Forma publikacji książka w twardej oprawie
Poziom zaawansowania Dla profesjonalistów, specjalistów i badaczy naukowych
Język angielski
ISBN 9781119484172
Kategorie Inżynieria komunikacyjna i telekomunikacyjna
607.95 PLN (z VAT)
$136.76 / €130.34 / £113.15 /
Produkt na zamówienie
Dostawa 5-6 tygodni
Ilość
Do schowka

Opis książki

Summarizes and surveys current LTE technical specifications and implementation options for engineers and newly qualified support staff


Concentrating on three mobile communication technologies, GSM, 3G-WCDMA, and LTE-while majorly focusing on Radio Access Network (RAN) technology-this book describes principles of mobile radio technologies that are used in mobile phones and service providers' infrastructure supporting their operation. It introduces some basic concepts of mobile network engineering used in design and rollout of the mobile network. It then follows up with principles, design constraints, and more advanced insights into radio interface protocol stack, operation, and dimensioning for three major mobile network technologies: Global System Mobile (GSM) and third (3G) and fourth generation (4G) mobile technologies. The concluding sections of the book are concerned with further developments toward next generation of mobile network (5G). Those include some of the major features of 5G such as a New Radio, NG-RAN distributed architecture, and network slicing. The last section describes some key concepts that may bring significant enhancements in future technology and services experienced by customers.


Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering: GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G covers the types of Mobile Network by Multiple Access Scheme; the cellular system; radio propagation; mobile radio channel; radio network planning; EGPRS - GPRS/EDGE; Third Generation Network (3G), UMTS; High Speed Packet data access (HSPA); 4G-Long Term Evolution (LTE) system; LTE-A; and Release 15 for 5G.





Focuses on Radio Access Network technologies which empower communications in current and emerging mobile network systems

Presents a mix of introductory and advanced reading, with a generalist view on current mobile network technologies

Written at a level that enables readers to understand principles of radio network deployment and operation

Based on the author's post-graduate lecture course on Wireless Engineering

Fully illustrated with tables, figures, photographs, working examples with problems and solutions, and section summaries highlighting the key features of each technology described



Written as a modified and expanded set of lectures on wireless engineering taught by the author, Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering: GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G is an ideal text for post-graduate and graduate students studying wireless engineering, and industry professionals requiring an introduction or refresher to existing technologies.

Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering - GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G

Spis treści

Foreword xvii



Acknowledgements xix





Abbreviations xxi





1 Introduction 1





2 Types of Mobile Network by Multiple-Access Scheme 3





3 Cellular System 5





3.1 Historical Background 5





3.2 Cellular Concept 5





3.3 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio 6





3.4 Formation of Clusters 8





3.5 Sectorization 9





3.6 Frequency Allocation 10





3.7 Trunking E?ect 11





3.8 Erlang Formulas 13





3.9 Erlang B Formula 13





3.10 Worked Examples 14





3.10.1 Problem 1 14





3.10.2 Problem 2 16





3.10.3 Problem 3 16





4 Radio Propagation 19





4.1 Propagation Mechanisms 19





4.1.1 Free-Space Propagation 19





4.1.2 Propagation Models for Path Loss (Global Mean) Prediction 22





5 Mobile Radio Channel 27





5.1 Channel Characterization 28





5.1.1 Narrowband Flat Channel 31





5.1.2 Wideband Frequency Selective Channel 31





5.1.3 Doppler Shift 34





5.2 Worked Examples 36





5.2.1 Problem 1 36





5.2.2 Problem 2 36





5.3 Fading 36





5.3.1 Shadowing/Slow Fading 37





5.3.2 Fast Fading/Rayleigh Fading 40





5.4 Diversity to Mitigate Multipath Fading 42





5.4.1 Space and Polarization Diversity 42





5.5 Worked Examples 44





5.5.1 Problem 1 44





5.5.2 Problem 2 44





5.5.3 Problem 3 45





5.6 Receiver Noise Factor (Noise Figure) 45





6 Radio Network Planning 49





6.1 Generic Link Budget 49





6.1.1 Receiver Sensitivity Level 50





6.1.2 Design Level 50





6.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading Margin 51





6.1.2.2 Lognormal Fading Margin 51





6.1.2.3 Body Loss 51





6.1.2.4 Car Penetration Loss 51





6.1.2.5 Design Level 51





6.1.2.6 Building Penetration Loss 52





6.1.2.7 Outdoor-to-Indoor Design Level 52





6.1.3 Power Link Budget 52





6.1.4 Power Balance 53





6.2 Worked Examples 56





6.2.1 Problem 1 56





6.2.2 Problem 2 57





6.2.3 Problem 3 58





7 Global System Mobile, GSM, 2G 59





7.1 General Concept for GSM System Development 59





7.2 GSM System Architecture 59





7.2.1 Location Area Identity (LAI) 62





7.2.2 The SIM Concept 63





7.2.3 User Addressing in the GSM Network 63





7.2.4 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) 63





7.2.5 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) 64





7.2.6 Di?erent Roles of MSISDN and IMSI 64





7.2.7 Mobile Station Routing Number 64





7.2.8 Calls to Mobile Terminals 65





7.2.9 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) 66





7.2.10 Security-Related Network Functions: Authentication and Encryption 66





7.2.11 Call Security 67





7.2.12 Operation and Maintenance Security 69





7.3 Radio Speci?cations 69





7.3.1 Spectrum E?ciency 69





7.3.2 Access Technology 71





7.3.3 MAHO and Measurements Performed by Mobile 72





7.3.4 Time Slot and Burst 73





7.3.4.1 Normal Burst 74





7.3.4.2 Frequency Correction Burst (FB) 74





7.3.4.3 Synchronization Burst 75





7.3.4.4 Access Burst 75





7.3.4.5 Dummy Burst 75





7.3.5 GSM Adaptation to a Wideband Propagation Channel 76





7.3.5.1 Training Sequence and Equalization 76





7.3.5.2 The Channel Equalization 77





7.3.5.3 Diversity Against Fast Fading 78





7.3.5.4 Frequency Hopping 79





7.4 Background for the Choice of Radio Parameters 81





7.4.1 Guard Period, Timing Advance 83





7.5 Communication Channels in GSM 84





7.5.1 Tra?c Channels (TCHs) 84





7.5.2 Control Channels 85





7.5.2.1 Common Control Channels 85





7.5.2.2 Dedicated Control Channels 86





7.6 Mapping the Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 86





7.6.1 Frame Format 87





7.6.2 Transmission of User Information: Fast Associated Control Channel 88





7.6.2.1 Data Rates 88





7.6.3 Signalling Multiframe, 51-Frame Multiframe 88





7.6.4 Synchronization 89





7.6.4.1 Frequency Synchronization 90





7.6.4.2 Time Synchronization 90





7.6.5 Signalling Procedures over the Air Interface 90





7.6.5.1 Synchronization to the Base Station 90





7.6.5.2 Registering With the Base Station 91





7.6.5.3 Call Setup 91





7.7 Signalling During a Call 93





7.7.1 Measuring the Signal Levels from Adjacent Cells 93





7.7.2 Handover 94





7.7.2.1 Intra-Cell and Inter-Cell Handover 95





7.7.2.2 Intra- and Inter-BSC Handover 95





7.7.2.3 Intra- and Inter-MSC Handover 95





7.7.2.4 Intra- and Inter-PLMN Handover 95





7.7.2.5 Handover Triggering 95





7.7.3 Power Control 96





7.8 Signal Processing Chain 97





7.8.1 Speech and Channel Coding 97





7.8.2 Reordering and Interleaving of the TCH 99





7.9 Estimating Required Signalling Capacity in the Cell 100





7.9.1 SDCCH Con?guration 100





7.9.2 Worked Example 101





7.9.2.1 Problem 1 101





References 102





8 EGPRS: GPRS/EDGE 103





8.1 GPRS Support Nodes 103





8.2 GPRS Interfaces 104





8.3 GPRS Procedures in Packet Call Setups 104





8.4 GPRS Mobility Management 105





8.4.1 Mobility Management States 106





8.4.1.1 IDLE State 106





8.4.1.2 READY State 106





8.4.1.3 STANDBY State 106





8.4.2 PDP Context Activation 107





8.4.3 Location Management 108





8.5 Layered Overview of the Radio Interface 108





8.5.1 SNDP 108





8.5.2 Layer Services 109





8.5.3 Radio Link Layer 110





8.5.3.1 RLC Block Structure 110





8.5.4 GPRS Logical Channels 111





8.5.5 Mapping to Physical GPRS Channels 111





8.5.6 Channel Sharing 112





8.5.6.1 Downlink Radio Channel 113





8.5.6.2 Uplink Radio Channel 113





8.5.7 TBF 113





8.5.7.1 TBF Establishment 113





8.5.7.2 DL TBF Establishment 113





8.5.8 EGPRS Channel Coding and Modulation 15





8.6 GPRS/GSM Territory in a Base-Station Transceiver 115





8.6.1 PS Capacity in the Base Station/Cell 116





8.7 Summary 118





References 119





9 Third Generation Network (3G), UMTS 121





9.1 The WCDMA Concept 123





9.1.1 Spreading (Channelization) 124





9.1.2 Scrambling 127





9.1.3 Multiservice Capacity 128





9.1.4 Power Control 129





9.1.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control 130





9.1.4.2 Outer-Loop Power Control 130





9.1.5 Handover 132





9.1.5.1 Softer Handover 132





9.1.5.2 Other Handovers 134





9.1.5.3 Compressed Mode 134





9.1.6 RAKE Reception 135





9.2 Major Parameters of 3G WCDMA Air Interface 136





9.3 Spectrum Allocation for 3G WCDMA 136





9.4 3G Services 138





9.4.1 Bearer Service and QoS 138





9.5 UMTS Reference Network Architecture and Interfaces 140





9.5.1 The NodeB (Base Station) Functions in the 3G Network 141





9.5.2 Role of the RNC in 3G Network 141





9.6 Air-Interface Architecture and Processing 142





9.6.1 Physical Layer (Layer 1) 144





9.6.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) on Layer 2 144





9.6.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) on Layer 2 145





9.6.4 RRC on Layer 3 in the Control Plane 145





9.7 Channels on the Air Interface 146





9.7.1 Logical Channels 146





9.7.2 Transport Channels 146





9.7.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH) 147





9.7.2.2 Common Transport Channels 147





9.7.3 Physical Channels and Physical Signals 148





9.7.4 Parameters of the Transport Channel 148





9.8 Physical-Layer Procedures 150





9.8.1 Processing of Transport Blocks 151





9.8.2 Spreading and Modulation 154





9.8.3 Modulation Scheme in UTRAN FDD 155





9.8.4 Composition of the Physical Channels 157





9.8.4.1 Dedicated Physical Channel 157





9.8.4.2 Common Downlink Physical Channels 160





9.9 RRC States 162





9.9.1 Idle Mode 162





9.9.2 RRC Connected Mode 164





9.9.3 RRC Connection Procedures 165





9.9.4 RRC State Transition Cases 166





9.10 RRM Functions 167





9.10.1 Admission Control Principle 167





9.10.2 Load/Congestion Control 168





9.10.3 Code Management 168





9.10.4 Packet Scheduling 168





9.11 Initial Access to the Network 169





9.12 Summary 170





References 171





10 High-Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA) 173





10.1 HSDPA, High-Speed Downlink Packet Data Access 173





10.2 HSPA RRM Functions 175





10.2.1 Channel-Dependent Scheduling for HS-DSCH 175





10.2.2 Rate Control, Dynamic Resource Allocation, Adaptive Modulation and Coding 176





10.2.3 Hybrid-ARQ with Soft Combining, HARQ 176





10.2.4 Retransmission Mechanism in the NodeB 176





10.2.5 Impact to Protocol Architecture 177





10.2.6 HARQ Schemes 178





10.3 MAC-hs and Physical-Layer Processing 181





10.4 HSDPA Channels 182





10.4.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 182





10.4.2 HSDPA Control Channels 183





10.4.2.1 Fractional Downlink Power Control Channel 184





10.4.3 HS-DSCH Link Adaptation 184





10.5 HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink, E-DCH) 189





10.5.1 Control Signalling 190





10.5.2 Scheduling 190





10.6 Air-Interface Dimensioning 192





10.6.1 Input Parameters and Requirements 192





10.6.2 Tra?c Demand Estimation 193





10.6.2.1 PS Data Services (Release 99) 193





10.6.2.2 HSPA Data Services 193





10.6.3 Standard Tra?c Model 194





10.6.4 Link Budgets 195





10.6.4.1 Uplink Load Factor 196





10.6.4.2 Downlink Load Factor 197





10.6.4.3 Link Budget for R99 Bearers 198





10.6.4.4 Link Budget for HSPA 199





10.6.4.5 Results of Link Budget: Cell Range Calculation, Balancing UL with DL 199





10.6.4.6 Link Budget for Common Pilot Channel Signal 200





10.6.4.7 Link Budget Calculation for the Shared Release 99 and HSDPA Carriers 200





10.6.5 Uplink Capacity Estimation 201





10.6.5.1 Required Bandwidth and Load for Multiple Bearers with GOS Considerations 202





10.6.5.2 Simpli?ed Estimation of HSDPA Throughput Capacity 202





10.7 Summary 203





References 204





11 4G-Long Term Evolution (LTE) System 205





11.1 Introduction 205





11.2 Architecture of an Evolved Packet System 206





11.3 LTE Integration with Existing 2G/3G Network 207





11.3.1 EPS Reference Points and Interfaces 208





11.4 E-UTRAN Interfaces 209





11.5 User Equipment 210





11.5.1 LTE UE Category 210





11.6 QoS in LTE 211





11.7 LTE Security 212





11.8 LTE Mobility 214





11.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility 214





11.8.2 ECM-CONNECTED Mode Mobility 215





11.8.3 Mobility Anchor 216





11.8.4 Inter-eNB Handover 216





11.8.5 3GPP Inter-RAT Handover 218





11.8.6 Di?erences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 218





11.9 LTE Radio Interface 219





11.10 Principle of OFDM 220





11.11 OFDM Implementation using IFFT/FFT Processing 223





11.12 Cyclic Pre?x 223





11.13 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols 225





11.14 OFDM Subcarrier Spacing 227





11.15 Output RF Spectrum Emissions 227





11.16 LTE Multiple-Access Scheme, OFDMA 228





11.17 Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) 229





11.18 OFDMA versus SC-FDMA Operation 230





11.19 SC-FDMA Receiver 231





11.20 User Multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM 231





11.21 MIMO Techniques 232





11.21.1 Precoding 234





11.21.2 Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) 236





11.22 Link Adaptation and Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 237





11.23 Radio Protocol Architecture 238





11.23.1 User Plane 239





11.23.2 Control Plane 239





11.23.3 Scheduler 240





11.23.4 Logical and Transport Channels 240





11.23.5 Physical Layer 242





11.23.6 RRC State Machine 244





11.23.7 Time-Frequency Structure of the LTE FDD Physical Layer 244





11.24 Downlink Physical Layer Processing 248





11.24.1 Multiplexing and Channel Coding for Downlink Transport Channels 248





11.24.2 CRC Computation and Attachment to the Transport Block 248





11.24.3 Code Block Segmentation and Code Block CRC Attachment 249





11.24.4 Channel Coding 249





11.24.5 Rate Matching for Turbo Coded Transport Channels 249





11.24.6 Downlink Control Information Coding 250





11.24.7 Physical Channel Processing 250





11.24.7.1 Bit-Level Scrambling 251





11.24.7.2 Data Modulation 251





11.24.7.3 Layer Mapping 252





11.24.7.4 Precoding 252





11.24.7.5 Mapping to Resource Elements 255





11.24.7.6 Downlink Reference Signals 256





11.25 Downlink Control Channels 258





11.25.1 Structure of the Synchronization Channel 258





11.25.2 Time-Domain Position of Synchronization Signals 259





11.25.3 Frequency Domain Structure of Synchronization Signals 259





11.25.3.1 PSS Structure 259





11.25.3.2 SSS Structure 260





11.25.4 PBCH 260





11.25.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel: PCFICH 262





11.25.6 PDCCH 263





11.25.7 PHICH, Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel 264





11.26 Mapping the Control Channels to Downlink Transmission Resources 264





11.27 Uplink Control Signalling 264





11.27.1 Processing of the Uplink Shared Transport Channel 266





11.27.2 Channel Coding of Control Information 266





11.27.3 Multiplexing and Channel Interleaving 266





11.27.4 Processing for Physical Uplink Shared Channel 268





11.27.5 Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH 269





11.27.6 Multiplexing of UEs Within a PUCCH 269





11.27.7 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 270





11.28 Uplink Reference Signals 271





11.28.1 Mapping of Reference Signals to the Uplink Frame Structure 272





11.29 Physical-Layer Procedures 273





11.29.1 Cell Search 273





11.29.2 Random Access Procedure 274





11.29.3 Link Adaptation 276





11.29.4 Power Control 277





11.29.5 Paging 278





11.29.6 HARQ 278





11.30 LTE Radio Dimensioning 279





11.30.1 LTE Coverage Dimensioning: Link Budget 280





11.30.1.1 Physical-Layer Overhead Factors 281





11.30.1.2 Multi-Antenna Systems 284





11.30.1.3 Required SINR 285





11.30.1.4 Link Budget Margins 285





11.30.1.5 Interference Margin 285





11.30.1.6 Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) 287





11.30.1.7 Required SINR 288





11.30.2 Cell Range and Cell Capacity 288





11.31 Summary 289





References 290





12 LTE-A 293





12.1 Carrier Aggregation 296





12.2 Enhanced MIMO 300





12.3 Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (CoMP) 303





12.3.1 CoMP Categories 304





12.3.2 Downlink CoMP 306





12.3.3 Uplink CoMP 307





12.4 Relay Nodes 309





12.4.1 Relay Radio Access 309





12.4.2 Relay Architecture 311





12.4.3 Resource Assignment for DeNB-RN Link in a Type 1 Relay 314





12.5 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (E-PDCCH) 315





12.6 Downlink Multiuser Superposition, MUST 315





12.7 Summary of LTE-A Features 317





References 317





13 Further Development for the Fifth Generation 319





13.1 Overall Operational Requirements for a 5G Network System 320





13.2 Device Requirements 320





13.3 Capabilities of 5G 321





13.4 Spectrum Consideration 321





13.5 5G Technology Components 322





13.5.1 Technologies to Enhance the Radio Interface 322





13.5.1.1 Advanced Modulation-and-Coding Schemes 323





13.5.1.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) 323





13.5.1.3 Active Antenna System (AAS) 326





13.5.1.4 3D Beamforming and Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) 327





13.5.1.5 Massive MIMO 328





13.5.1.6 Full Duplex Mode 329





13.5.1.7 Self-Backhauling 330





13.5.2 Technologies to Enhance Network Architectures 331





13.5.2.1 Software-De?ned Network 332





13.5.2.2 Cloud RAN 332





13.5.2.3 Network Slicing 332





13.5.2.4 Self-Organized Network, SON 334





13.6 5G System Architecture (Release 15) 335





13.6.1 General Concepts 335





13.6.2 Architecture Reference Model 335





13.6.3 Network Slicing Support 338





13.6.3.1 General Framework 338





13.6.3.2 Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) 338





13.6.3.3 Selection of a Serving AMF Supporting the Network Slices 339





13.6.3.4 UE Context Handling 340





13.7 New Radio (NR) 341





13.7.1 NG-RAN Architecture 341





13.7.2 Functional Split 342





13.7.3 Network Interfaces 343





13.7.3.1 NG Interface 343





13.7.4 Xn Interface 345





13.7.5 NG-RAN Distributed Architecture 346





13.7.5.1 F1 Interface Functions 347





13.7.5.2 F1 Protocol Structure 347





13.7.6 Radio Protocol Architecture 348





13.7.6.1 User Plane 348





13.7.7 NR Physical Channels and Modulation 350





13.7.7.1 Physical-Layer Design Requirements 350





13.7.7.2 Frame Structure and Physical Resources 352





13.7.8 Frames and Subframes 353





13.7.9 Physical Resources 354





13.7.9.1 Resource Grid 354





13.7.9.2 Resource Blocks 355





13.7.10 Carrier Aggregation 356





13.7.11 Uplink Physical Channels and Signals 356





13.7.12 Downlink Physical Channels and Signals 357





13.7.13 SS/PBCH Block 358





13.7.14 Coding and Multiplexing 359





13.7.15 NR Dual Connectivity 359





13.7.16 E-UTRA and NR Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity 360





13.7.16.1 Bearer Types for MR-DC Between LTE and NR 362





13.7.16.2 MR-DC User-Plane Connectivity 363





13.8 Summary 364





References 364





14 Annex: Base-Station Site Solutions 367





14.1 The Base-Station OBSAI Architecture 367





14.1.1 Functional Modules 367





14.1.2 Internal Interfaces 369





14.1.3 RP3 Interface 369





14.2 Common Public Radio Interface, CPRI 370





14.3 SDR and Multiradio BTS 371





14.4 Site Solution with OBSAI Type Base Stations 372





14.4.1 C-RAN Site Solutions 374





References 375





Index 377

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