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Thisbook discusses a series of related but independent challenges faced byphilanthropic foundations, drawing on international, contemporary andhistorical data.  Throughout the world,private philanthropic foundations spend huge sums of money for public goodwhile the media, policy-makers and the public have little understanding of whatthey do and why. Diana Leat considersthe following questions: Are philanthropic foundations more than warehouses ofwealth? Where does foundation money come from, and is there a tension between afoundation's ongoing sources of income and its pursuit of public good? How arefoundations regulated and held accountable in society? Is there any evidencethat foundations are effective in what they do? Is it possible to have too muchphilanthropy? In posing these questions, the book explores some of the keytensions in how foundations work, and their place in democratic societies.

Philanthropic Foundations, Public Good and Public Policy

Contents

1.  Focuson foundations

Introduction

  Philanthropy is good - more is better?

  Focus of the Book

  Why Focus on Foundations

    Global Growth

    Scale of Resources

    The Reach of Foundations

  Charges and Responses

2.  Definitionsand distinctions

WhatIs a Philanthropic Foundation?

  Initial Definitions

  Types of Foundation

    Distinguishing by Source/Type of Income

  Rationales for Grant Making and Operating

    Table 1: Grant-making vs. Operating

Birthto Work

  In the Beginning- Donors and Money

  A Mission/Deed

  Governance

  Staffing

  Grant Making Styles and Processes

4. From charity to change, Brussels toBeijing

TheVariety of Foundations

  Approaches toFoundation Formation Throughout the World

Sketchesof Foundations Across the Globe

  Introduction

  Africa

  China, Japanand Singapore

  India

  Australia andNew Zealand

  North America

<  South America

  Europe

  Russia

  Saudi Arabia

5. Public benefit or playthings of therich

Introduction

  Charges andResponses

    The Charges

    The Responses

TheCharges

  Why Create aFoundation?

     Motives for Giving

    What's Need Got to Do with It?

Where the Money Goes

TheResponses

  The Right toGive as You Choose

  LegalRestrictions

  Tax Matters

  The Duty ofWealth

  We're AllDifferent

  Variations inGiving

  The Power ofStaff

  A Stop GapAgainst Government and Market Failure

  Sources ofInnovation and Change

  Discourtesy orNecessity?

  Coordination -Damned If You Do ...

  Unelected andUndemocratic

  Funding Terms

  A Product ofCulture not Whims?

6. Sources of wealth and income

Introduction

  Charges andResponses

TheCharges

  Eroding theTax Base

  'Doing good' -the Cherry on the Cake or Horse Manure

  Sources ofIncome - Taking with One Hand and Giving with the Other

TheResponses

  This isCapitalism

7. Warehouses of wealth: payout andperpetuity

Introduction

  The Chargesand Responses

TheCharges 1

  Warehouses ofWealth

  In Favour ofMandatory Payout Rates

TheResponses

  AgainstMandatory Pay Out Rates

    Robbing Peter to Pay Paul

    Market Volatility

    A Ceiling Not a Floor?

     Practical Problems

  Pay Out: Thewrong Issue ?

TheCharges 2

  Perpetuity -the Issue

  AgainstPerpetuity

TheResponse 2

  Perpetuity IsNot For All

  In Favour ofPerpetuity

TheCharge

  No Change?

  Maintainingthe Status Quo?

TheResponses

  AnInappropriate Demand

  NoResponsibility to Produce Maximum Benefit?

  Effectivenessand Values

  The EffectiveIneffective Foundation

  MeasuringImpact - A Fools Errand?

  Measurement -Too Little, Too Late?

 Misunderstanding the Contributions of Foundations?

10. Foundations and democracy: threat orpromise?

Introduction

  The Chargesand Responses

TheCharges

  A Brief USHistory

  Unpicking theCharges

   Sucking Wealth Out of the Tax Base