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Undoubtedly the applications of polymers are rapidly evolving. Technology is continually changing and quickly advancing as polymers are needed to solve a variety of day-to-day challenges leading to improvements in quality of life. The Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications presents state-of-the-art research and development on the applications of polymers. This groundbreaking work provides important overviews to help stimulate further advancements in all areas of polymers.


This comprehensive multi-volume reference includes articles contributed from a diverse and global team of renowned researchers. It offers a broad-based perspective on a multitude of topics in a variety of applications, as well as detailed research information, figures, tables, illustrations, and references. The encyclopedia provides introductions, classifications, properties, selection, types, technologies, shelf-life, recycling, testing and applications for each of the entries where applicable.


It features critical content for both novices and experts including, engineers, scientists (polymer scientists, materials scientists, biomedical engineers, macromolecular chemists), researchers, and students, as well as interested readers in academia, industry, and research institutions.

Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications, 3 Volume Set

Actuators: Buckypaper Composite / Joshua DeGraff, Richard Liang and Pierre Cottinet





Agriculture: Natural Polymers for Controlled Release of Fertilizers / Cristiana A.V. Torres, Filomena Freitas





Agriculture: Polymers in Crop Production Mulch and Fertilizer / Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar, Mandira Barman, Tanumoy Bera, Mriganka De and Dibyendu Chatterjee





Agriculture: Polymers in Crop Production Pesticides / Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar, Najam Akhter Shakil, V. S. Rana, Jitendra Kumar, Ajoy Saha, Totan Adak and Jaydeep Haldar





Agriculture: Polymers in Crop Protection / Pietro Picuno





Agriculture: Super Absorbent Functional Polymers / Bijender Kumar, Farha Deeba, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj, and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Alginate / Pankaj M. Maheriya and Vipul D. Prajapati





Automotive Applications: Polylactic Acid and Biocomposite Parts / Khosrow Khodabakhshi





Automotive Applications: Polymers in / I. A. Aderibigbe, E. R. Sadiku and A. P. I Popoola





Automotive Applications: Reinforced Material Components / B. Suresha, R. Hemanth and K. Nithin





Aviation: Polymer Composites, Processes, and Properties / I. A. Aderibigbe, P. Nombula and A.P. I. Popoola





Aviation: Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers in / M. OEzgur Seydibeyoglu, Fatma Erdogan and Elif Alyamac





Biomaterials: Soft Tissue Injuries / Anurag Singh and Rui Miranda Guedes





Biomedicine: Cellulose in / Eliane Trovatti and Eugen Barbu





Biomedicine: Cross-linked Polymers Applications / B. A. Aderibigbe





Biomedicine: Polymers with Silsesquioxane Units / B. Simionescu, A. Oancea, I. Bordianu-Antochi, C. Ursu, C. Cotofana and M. Olaru





Biosensing Devices: Conjugated Polymer Based Scaffolds / Saniye Soylemez, Melis Kesika and Levent Toppare





Catalysts: Polymers in Biodiesel Production / Farha Deeba, Bijender Kumar, Sauraj, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Vikas Pruthi and Yuvraj S. Negi





Chemotherapy: Polycaprolactone (PCL)-Based Drug Delivery System / Somesh Mohapatra, Vineethkrishna Chandrasekar, Aparna R. Chakravarti, Shweta Paroha, Oshin Sapra, Ankit Saneja, and Ravindra Dhar Dubey





Chitosan: Antimicrobial and Edible Coatings / Anjali Bishnoi, Sandeep Rai, Nirav Joshi and Sunil Kumar





Chitosan: Biodegradable Food Packaging / Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj Singh, Saleheen Bano, Asif Ali and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Chitosan: Tissue Engineering and Wound Dressing Applications / Mohammad Amin Shamekhi, Hamid Mahdavi, Hamid Mirzadeh, Ahmad Rabiee, Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori, Nooshin Haghighipour and Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad





Communication: Polymers in / Pulak Datta, Sanjay Kumar and Gautam Sarkhel





Composites and Nanocomposites: Thermoplastic Polymers for Additive Manufacturing / Nahal Aliheidari and Amir Ameli





Composites: Biobased for Materials Applications / Thimothy Molefi Thamae, Thabiso Letseka and Leboli Thamae





Composites: Conductive Elastomer CNT-Based / Jiji Abraham, Mohammed Arif P, Soney C. George, Nandakumar Kalarikkal and Sabu Thomas





Composites: Environment-Friendly Nanocomposites / Sukanya Pradhan, Smita Mohanty and Sanjay K. Nayak





Composites: Natural Fibers Reinforced / M. K. Gupta





Composites: Polylactic Acid-Based Blends / Payam Zarrintaj, Emad Jowshan, Reza Khalili, Zahed Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza Saeb and Masoud Mozafari





Conducting Polymers: Applications / Anupreet Kaur





Conducting Polymers: Electrospun Materials / Thomas Kerr-Phillips and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic





Construction: Rigid Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams for Sandwich Panels / Rafael de Avila Delucis, Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhaes, Cesar Liberato Petzhold and Sandro Campos Amicos





Corrosion Inhibitor: Polymeric Desiccant / Madhumita Kulkarni and P.A Mahanwar





Corrosion Protection: Natural Polymer in / I. B. Obot, Ubong M. Edouk and Saviour A. Umoren





Cosmetics: Active Polymers / Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul and Nattaya Lourith





Cosmetics: Polymers in / Bhavya M. V., Gowda D. V, Sivadasu Praveen, Nithin Kundachira Subramani and Siddaramaiah Hatna





Cosmetics: Polymers in Delivery of Actives / Azila Abd. Aziz, Rosnani Hasham and Mariani Abdul Hamid





Display: Photorefractive Polymers in / Pierre-Alexandre Blanche





Drug Delivery: Biodegradable Polymers in / Sauraj Singh, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Bijender Kumar, Saleheen Ban, Farha Deeba, Asif Ali and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Drug Delivery: Microencapsulation Techniques for / Mrunal R. Waghulde and Jitendra B. Naik





Drug Delivery: PLGA-PEG-Based Bioerodable Nanoparticles / Arindam Maity, Debanjana Chakraborty, Kazi Asraf Ali and Sougata Jana





Drug Delivery: Polymeric Conjugates for Dietary Phytochemicals / Divya Arora and Sundeep Jaglan





Drug Delivery: Polymeric Membranes for Devices / Zeenat Arif, P.K. Mishra, S.N. Upadhyay and Rajeev Mehta





Drug Delivery: Polymeric Micelles / Dorota Neugebauer





Drug Delivery: Polymers and Polymeric Membranes / Shilpa Narang, Zeenat Arif, Rajeev Mehta, P.K. Mishra and S.N. Upadhyay





Drug Delivery: Polysaccharide-Based Composites / Sougata Jana and Subrata Jana





Drug Delivery: Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Prodrugs for Cancer / Sauraj, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Farha Deeba, Bijender Kumar and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Drug Delivery: Trends and Future Prospects / Ufana Riaz and Anurakshee Verma





Electronics: Nonvolatile Memory Technologies / Sreedevi Vallabhapurapu, Shengzhi Dub and Ananthakrishnan Srinivasan





Electronics: Polymer-Graphene Composites / Seema Ansari and M. N. Muralidharan





Energy: Conducting Polymers and Conjugated Porous Polymers / Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan, Nirmala Kumari Jangid, Navjeet Kaur and Masoud Mozafari





Energy: Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries / Guang Yang, Youngmin Lee and Qing Wang





Energy: Polymer Supercapacitors / Anish Benny and Soney C. George





Energy: Polymer-Functionalized Graphene / Arun K. Nandi, Pousali Chal and Arnab Shit





Energy: Polymers in Harvesting, Conversion, and Storage / Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Zahra Tabatabaei-Yazdi





Energy: Polymers in the Active Layer of Solar Cells / Bianca P. Santos and Maria de Fatima V. Marques





Environmental Applications: Biopolymer Sorbents for Heavy Metal Removal / Patricia Concordio-Reis and Filomena Freitas





Environmental Applications: Hydrogels / G. Roshan Deen





Environmental Applications: Polymers in / Chow Wen Shyang





Fire Protection: Flame-Retardant Additives and Fillers for Polymers / Husnugul Yilmaz Atay





Fire Protection: Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resins in / Seema Agrawal and Anudeep Kumar Narula





Fire Protection: Flame-Retardant Polymers in / Ayesha Kausar





Food Packaging: Cellulose Nanocrystals in / Prodyut Dhar, Chethana Mudenur and Vimal Katiyar





Food Packaging: Edible Products / Rungsinee Sothornvit





Food Packaging: Natural and Synthetic Biopolymers / Ruchir Priyadarshi, Anurag Kulshreshtha, Bijender Kumar, Farha Deeba and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Food Packaging: Polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHA) Containing Antimicrobial Additives / C.R. Rech, K.C S. Brabes and S.M. Martelli





Food Packaging: Polymer Composites / Garima Agrawal and Rahul Agrawal





Food Packaging: Polymers as Packaging Materials in Food Supply Chains / A B. Hemavathi and H. Siddaramaiah





Food Packaging: Starch and Non-Starch Blend Films / Hanisah Kamilah, Kaiser Mahmood, Poh Lee-Shang, Syazana Sulaiman, Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi, Fazilah Ariffin and Abd Karim Alias





Food Packaging: Starch-Based Bionanocomposites / Kalyani Prusty and Sarat K. Swain





Food: Polymers in / Vincent G. Gomes





Footwear / Saraswathy Gnanasundaram and Mohan Ranganathan





Fuel Cell: Cellulose-Based Polyelectrolyte Proton Exchange Membranes / Randa E. Khalifa, Tamer M. Tamer, Ahmed M. Omer and Mohamed S. Mohy Eldin





Fuel Cell: Polymeric Membrane / Saleheen Bano, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj, Bijender Kumar and Yuvraj Singh Negi





Furniture: Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites Applications / Md. Shahruzzaman, Shanta Biswas, Md. Minhajul Islam, Md. Sazedul Islam, Md. Shirajur Rahman, Papia Haque and Mohammed Mizanur Rahman





Furniture: Polymers in / Gibin George, Liju Elias and Zhiping Luo





Healthcare: Polymer as Vital Materials / Abhilasha Mishra, Rajesh Kumar Saini and A.K. Bajpai





Household Goods: Polymers in / Rupa Bhattacharyya and Sumit Nandi





Insulators: Polymers for High Voltage Outdoor Use / Anshul Gautampurkar and Prakash Mahanwar





Laboratory Applications: Polymers in / Oznur Dogan Ulu and Ismail Ozdemir





Marine Applications / Asit Baran Samui





Medicines: Polymers for / Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan, Nirmala Kumari Jangid, Navjeet Kaur, Bharatraj Singh Rathore, Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi and Masoud Mozafari





Membrane: Preparation by Nonsolvent-Induced Phase Inversion / Priscila Anadao and Helio Wiebeck





Membranes: Graft Modification of Polymers for / A. Bhattacharya, Romil Mehta and Paramita Manna





Membranes: Hemodialysis Applications / S. Sentilkumar and Noel Jacob Kaleekkal





Microcapsules Polymeric: Self-Healing Smart Coatings / Mahendra Mahajan and Vikas V. Gite





Microencapsulation: Phase Change Material in Textile and Building Construction / Arindam Dey, Rekha Gorai and Somenath Ganguly





Microneedles Arrays: Based on Natural Polymers / Diana Araujo and Filomena Freitas





Nanocellulose: Environmental and Engineering Applications of / Deepu A. Gopakumar, Avinash R. Pai, Sabu K. T., Sisanth K. S., Sabu Thomas and Yves Grohens





Nanocellulose: Health Care Applications / Blessy Joseph, Deepu A. Gopakumar, Hanna J. Maria, Jemy James, Yves Grohens, Sabu Thomas and Nandakumar Kalarikkal





Nanocomposites: Polyamide/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane / Ayesha Kausar, Nabila Badar and Obaid-Ur-Rahman Abid





Nanocomposites: POSS-Based / Lakshmipriya Somasekharan, Nandakumar Kalarikkal and Sabu Thomas





Orthopedic Implants: Applications of Bioabsorbable Polymers / Ligia Figueiredo, Frederico Castelo Ferreira, Luis F.V. Pinto, Nuno Ribeiro, Nuno Guitian Oliveira and Alexandra Rodrigues





Oxo-Biodegradable Polymers / Emo Chiellini, Stefania Cometa and Andrea Corti





Packaging, Active and Intelligent: Polymer Applications / Panuwat Suppakul





Packaging: Food Waste Reduction / Sergio Torres-Giner, Luis Gil, Leonor Pascual-Ramirez and Jose A. Garde-Belza





Packaging: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in / Pradnya P. Kanekar, Snehal O. Kulkarni and Sagar P. Kanekar





Packaging: Polymer-Metal-Based Micro and Nanocomposites / Rajesh Kumar Sahoo





Petroleum Production: Polymers in / Gbenga Folorunso Oluyemi





Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): Applications / A. P. Bonartsev





Polypyrrole: Properties and Application / Amir Reza Sadrolho, Suraya Abdul Rashid and Suhaidi Shafie





Polyurethanes: Biobased / Dheeraj Ahuja and Anupama Kaushik





Porous Polymers: Gas Separation and Storage / Fateme Rezaei, Hooman Hosseini, Anirudh Krishnamurthy and Ali A. Rownaghi





Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Devices in Polymers / Zhibin Yan, Mingliang Jin and Lingling Shui





Rapid Prototyping of Polymeric Biomaterials / Swati Mishra





Recycling: Converting Waste Plastics to Polyolefin Wax / Apurv Gaidhani and Prakash Mahanwar





Recycling: Polyurethane Foam Wastes / Mir Mohammad Alavi Nikje and Baharak Pooladian





Regenerative Medicine: Natural Polymers / Suraj K. Nayak, Shresthaa Patel, Suprio R. Paul, Barbiee Choudhary, Seemadri Subhadarshini, Anshuman K. Sahu, Vinay K. Singh, Arfat Anis and Kunal Pal





Resorbable Embolics / Lihui Weng and Randy Donelson





Semiconducting Polymers in Photovoltaics / Veeman Sannasi, Mohan Ramesh and Duraisamy Jeyakumar





Sensors: Advanced Aptasensors Design / Rinkesh Bhatt, Laxmi P. Bagri, Rajesh Saini and Anil Kumar Bajpai





Sensors: Ion Sensing Polymers / Tsuyoshi Michinobu and Yang Wang





Sensors: Natural Polymeric Composites / Ahmet Ulu and Burhan Ates





Sensors: Polymers in Sensing / Balaprasad Ankamwar and Saee Gharpure





Sensors: Zeolite-Polymer Composites for Gas Sensing / Muzzaffar Ahmad Mir, Muzzaffar Ahmad Bhat, Shiekh Abdul Majid and Radha Tomar





Separation: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in / Lei Yang, Xiaoguang Fan and Jing Zhang





Separation: Polymers in / Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Samal Babanzadeh





Smart Polymers: Lightweight Composites and Foams Tailored with Magnetic Field / L. Sorrentino, M. D'Auria and D. Davino





Smart Polymers: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers/ Monica Diaz-Bao, Rocio Barreiro, Alberto Cepeda and Patricia Regal





Spin Coated Films of Polymeric Materials / Ayesha Kausar





Starch: Renewable Source for Thermoplastic / Ridhwan Jumaidina, Salit M. Sapuana, Mohammad Jawaid, Mohammad Ishak and Japar Saharie





Textile: Fiber Forming Polymers / Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan





Textile: Flame Retardancy Through Surface Engineering / Giulio Malucelli





Textile: Polymer-Based Materials / Ayesha Kausar





Textile: Stimuli-Responsive Polymers in / Desislava Staneva and Ivo Grabchev





Textile: Substrates Modification by Novel Polymers / Majid Montazer and Tina Harifi





Textiles: Novel Polymers / Bipin Kumar and Ning Pan





Textiles: Polymers and Fibers / Xuqing Liu, Xinyi Guan and Hongjun Yu





Thermogelling Polymers: Biomedical Applications / Gurpreet Kaur, Divya Thakur and Pallavi Bassi





Tissue Engineering: Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Materials and Composites / L. R. Lizarraga-Valderrama, C. Thomas, J. I. Cadiz-Miranda and I. Roy





Tissue Engineering: Polymeric Dermal Filler / Nattaya Lourith and Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul





Tissue Engineering: Polymeric Scaffolds for MSC-Based Cartilage / Samaneh Hosseini, Fatemeh Bagheri, Mohammad Amin Shamekhi and Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad





Tissue Engineering: Polymers in Soft Tissue Cartilage / Sunaina Indermun, Mershen Govender, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara amd Viness Pillay





Tissue Engineering: Thermoplastics for Scaffold / D. Purnima, S. Aparna, Namrata Verma, Karan Khubdikar, Anurag Patil and Anusha Iyangar





Value-Added Products from Natural Fibers Reinforced Composites / Yasir Beeran Pottathara, Deepu Ambika Gopakumar, Yves Grohens and Sabu Thomas





Veterinary Medicine: Polymers in / Olufunke Nwosu, Blessing Aderibigbe, Inge-Marie Petzer and Rebone Moerane





Water Treatment: Metal and Metal Oxide Asymmetric Poly(Ether)Sulfone Nanocomposite Membranes / Behnam Gohari, Kyle Russell, Benjamin Church and Nidal Abu-Zahra





Water Treatment: Polymers for Coagulation and Flocculation / A.Y. Zahrim, Z.D. Dexter and I. Azreen





Wholly Aromatic Polyamide-hydrazides / Nadia A. Mohamed