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Communication between vehicles and infrastructure will enable an entirely new way of managing and accommodating traffic, pedestrians, and the surrounding environment, changing the nature of travel going forward. Networking Vehicles to Everything provides those seriously interested in vehicular automation with a state of the art resource for a deep understanding of the many competing technologies that will be united to enable the technology in years to come. This in-depth account covers challenges, case considerations, current activities in standards, product implementation, and upcoming trends such as software reconfiguration, mmWave technology and advanced control theory tools.

Readers will gain in-depth understanding of the main bodies and institutions developing and regulating the technology, current technological battles including in particular IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP LTE V2X technologies which compete for the top-spot in a multi-billion market. Readers will become aware of the many currently open technological questions and trends in terms of applications, markets and some of the possibilities that the future may hold for any type of vehicle.

Networking Vehicles to Everything: Evolving Automotive Solutions

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

V2X objectives 6

V2X and D2D networking and connectivity 9

Technical challenges for V2X 10

Sensors 10

Computing 12

Networking 13

Society, ethics and politics 17

Outline 23

Chapter 2: Applications and Use Cases 27

Use cases up to 2005 29

Between 2005 and 2011 32

Use cases since 2011 38

Conclusions 50

Chapter 3: V2X Requirements, Standards, and Regulations 59

Requirements 61

Sensors 65

Communications 66

Dynamic high-definition maps 69

Over-the-air updates 71

In-vehicle Infotainment 71

V2X networking and connectivity standards 73

V2X networking and connectivity regulation 79

Conclusions 85

Chapter 4: Technologies 89

Sensing 91

Computing 96

Communications 99

Software 105

HAD maps 108

Functional safety 111

Conclusions 113

Chapter 5: V2X networking and connectivity 121

IEEE 802.11p-based DSRC and ITS-G5 121

LTE and 5G NR V2X 128

C-V2X Phase 1 where 3GPP works on LTE Vehicular Services 131

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Communications 137

Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P, P2V) Communications 138

Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I, I2V) Communications 138

Vehicle-to-network Communications (V2N, N2V) 139

Synchronization 140

Location Determination 142

C-V2X evolution toward Phase 2 and beyond 143

Chapter 6: Infotainment 151

Infotainment 152

Telematics and control 156

In-vehicle connectivity and networking 158

Conclusions 162

Chapter 7: Software Reconfiguration 167

Issues to Be Addressed by Software Reconfiguration 168

Problem statement 1: How to transfer and install radio software

components to a target platform in a secure way 168

Problem statement 2: How to enable a user to access new software

components 168

Problem statement 3: How to deal with device certification in the

context of novel radio software components 169

Problem statement 4: How to achieve software portability and

execution efficiency 169

Problem statement 5: How to enable a gradual evolution toward

software reconfigurability 169

The Regulation Framework: Relationship Between Software

Reconfigurability and the Radio Equipment Directive 169

Mobile Device Reconfiguration Classes: How the Level Of Reconfigurability

Will Grow Over Time 172

The ETSI Reconfiguration Ecosystem 174

Code Efficiency and Portability Through the Radio Virtual Machine 180

Multi-Radio Interface (MURI) 184

RRS Software Reconfigurability For Hardware Updates 186

The ETSI Software Reconfiguration Solution in Comparison to Other

Alternatives 187

ETSI Security Framework for Software Reconfiguration 188

Responsibility Management 190

Conclusion 193

Chapter 8: Outlook 195

Appendix A 203

List of acronyms 203

Index 251