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This book provides an inventory of water resources, describes water challenges, and suggests methodologies and technologies for integrated water resources management in the UAE. It also summarizes efforts of water conservation and management, and modern approaches for improvement of water resources management and decision-making related to this valuable resource. The authors are specialized in geology and hydrogeology and have been teaching and conducting scientific research on water resources in the UAE for the last three decades. This book represents the main reference on water resources in the UAE for academia, researchers, professionals, students and the general public. 

Water Resources and Integrated Management of the United Arab Emirates

List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Photographs

Preface

Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Why this Book?1.2 Water Resources1.2.1 Water Resources in the World1.2.2 Water Resources in Continents1.2.3 Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
Part I Geomorphology and Geology
Chapter 2 Geomorphology2.1 Mountains2.2 Gravel Plains2.3 Sand Dunes2.4 Coastal Areas2.5 Drainage Basins2.6 Salt-Plug Islands
Chapter 3 Geology3.1 General Overview of Aquifer Systems3.2 Geologic History and Hydrogeologic Characteristics3.3 Paleozic Era3.3.1 Triassic3.3.2 Jurassic3.4 Mesozoic Era3.4.1 Lower Cretaceous3.4.2 Middle Cretaceous3.4.3 Upper Cretaceous3.5 Cenozoic Era3.6 Geologic Structures3.6.1 Surface Geologic Structures3.6.1.1 Ru'us Al Jibal3.6.1.2 Dibba Zone3.6.1.3 Northern Ophiolite Zone3.6.1.4 Southern Ophiolite Zone3.6.1.5 Hatta Zone3.6.1.6 Wadi Ham Line3.6.1.7 Al Fayah Mountains3.6.1.8 Al Ain Mountains3.6.1.9 Salt Domes3.6.2 Subsurface Geologic Structures
Part II Climatic Conditions and Water Balance
Chapter 4 Climatic Conditions4.1 Solar Radiation4.2 Air Temperature4.3 Relative Humidity4.4 Wind Speed4.5 Evaporation4.6 Evapotranspiration4.7 Rainfall
Chapter 5 Water Balance5.1 Climatic Water Balance5.2 Groundwater Recharge5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity5.4 Infiltration Capacity
Part III Conventional Water Resources
Section A Surface Water Resources
Chapter 6 Floods6.1 Morphometry6.2 Surface Runoff6.3 Rainfall - Runoff Relationship6.4 Estimation of Runoff Volume6.5 Flash Floods6.6 Flash Flood Hazards6.7 Recharge Dams
Chapter 7 Springs7.1 Locations of UAE Springs7.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions7.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties7.4 Uses of Spring Water
Chapter 8 Aflaj8.1 History8.2 Construction8.3 Maintenance8.4 Administration8.5 Discharge8.6 Water Quality8.7 Water Use
Section B Groundwater Resources
Chapter 9 Limestone Aquifers9.1 Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer9.1.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions9.1.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties9.1.3 Isotope Hydrology9.1.4 Evaluation of Water Quality9.1.5 Water Problems9.2 Jabal Hafit Limestone Aquifer9.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions9.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties9.2.3 Isotope Hydrology9.2.4 Hydrothermal Energy of Groundwater9.2.5 Water Uses9.3 Limestone Aquifers in the Western Region9.3.1 Simsima Aquifer9.3.2 Umm Radhuma Aquifer9.3.3 Dammam Aquifer
Chapter 10 Ophiolite Aquifer10.1 Geomorphology10.2 Morphometry10.3 Geologic Conditions10.4 Geologic Structures10.5 Hydrogeologic Conditions10.6 Effect of Lineaments on Groundwater Levels10.7 Effect of Lineaments of Groundwater Chemistry
Chapter 11 Gravel Aquifers11.1 Eastern Gravel Aquifer11.1.1 Geomorphology and Geology11.1.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions11.1.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties11.1.4 Isotope Hydrology11.1.5 Water Uses11.2 Western Gravel Aquifer11.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions11.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties11.2.3 Isotope Hydrology11.2.4 Groundwater Evaluation
Chapter 12 Sand Aquifers12.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions12.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties12.3 Isotope Hydrology
Chapter 13 Gravel and Sand Aquifers13.1 Geomorphology and Geology13.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions13.2.1 Groundwater Flow Systems13.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties13.3.1 Major Ions13.3.2 Dissolved Hypothetical Salts13.3.3 Groundwater Types13.3.4 Hydrochemical Ratios13.3.5 Water Uses13.4 Isotope Hydrology
Part IV Non-Conventional Water Resources
Chapter 14 Desalination Water14.1 Desalination Technologies14.2 Development of Demand for Desalinated Water14.3 Evolution of Desalination Industry14.4 Water Desalination in the UAE14.5 Local Condition and Desalination Process14.5.1 Nature of Feed Water14.5.2 Economic Factor14.5.3 Cogeneration14.5.4 Availability of Spare Parts14.5.5 Operation and Availability of Spare Parts14.5.6 Proximity to the Sea14.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Desalination14.6.1 Advantages of Water Desalination14.6.2 Disadvantages of Water Desalination14.7 Impact of Pollution on Water Desalination14.7.1 Thermal Pollution14.7.2 Oil Pollution14.7.3 Metal Pollution14.7.4 Salinity Problems14.8 Economics of Desalination Industry
Chapter 15 Treated Sewage Water15.1 Advantages of Treated Sewage Water15.2 Limitations of Treated Sewage Water Use15.3 Evolution of Treated Sewage Water Use in UAE
Part V Water Problems
Chapter 16 General Water Problems16.1 Surface Water Problems16.2 Groundwater Problems16.2.1 Scarcity16.2.2 Aquifer Depletion16.2.3 Increasing Groundwater Salinity16.2.4 Salt-Water Intrusion16.2.5 Water Hardness16.2.6 Water Pollution16.3 Problems of Water Desalination16.4 Problems of Treated Sewage Water
Chapter 17 Drinking Water Problems17.1 Drinking Water Standards17.2 Sources of Drinking Water in the UAE17.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Salinity17.4 Major Ions17.5 Minor Ions17.6 Trace Constituents17.7 Comparison of Drinking Water in the UAE with International Standards
Chapter 18 Pollution of the Quaternary Sand Aquifer18.1 Field Measurements and Laboratory Analyses18.2 Sources of Groundwater Pollution18.2.1 Point Pollution Sources18.2.2 Non-Point Pollution Sources18.3 Natural Conditions and Groundwater Pollution18.3.1 Geographic Location18.3.2 Climate18.3.3 Hydrogeologic Conditions18.3.4 Hydrogeochemical Properties18.4 Impact of Water Quality on Desalination Plants18.5 Human Activities and Groundwater Pollution18.5.1 Urban Activities18.5.2 Agricultural Activities18.6 Control of Groundwater Pollution
Part VI Integrated Water Resources Management
Chapter 19 Water Conservation19.1 Technological Solutions and Social Practices19.2 Controlling Water Wastage19.3 Minimizing Water Loss19.4 Sequential Water Use19.5 Awareness
Chapter 20 Water Harvesting20.1 Harvesting of Surface Water20.1.1 Artificial Rain20.1.2 Cloud Seeding20.1.3 Harvesting Rainwater20.1.4 Barriers20.1.5 Habisas20.1.6 Berkas20.1.7 Recharge Dams20.2 Groundwater Harvesting20.2.1 Aflaj20.2.2 Artificial Recharge20.2.3 Aquifer Storage and Recovery20.2.4 Subsurface Dams
Chapter 21 Advanced Agricultural Technologies21.1 Modern Irrigation Systems21.1.1 Drip Irrigation21.1.2 Sprinkler Irrigation21.1.3 Bubbler Irrigation21.2 Protected Agriculture21.3 Biosaline Agriculture
Part VII Modern Techniques in Water Studies
Chapter 22 Remote Sensing22.1 Image Processing22.2 Image Enhancement22.3 Information Extraction22.3.1 Infiltration Rate22.3.2 Uniformity Coefficient22.3.3 Classification of Dune and Interdune Areas22.3.4 Calculation of Natural Evaporation
Chapter 23 Geographic Information Systems23.1 Topography and Geology23.1.1 Topography23.1.2 Geology23.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry23.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions23.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties23.3 Geographic Information Systems Model23.3.1 Model Construction23.3.2 Model Inputs23.3.3 Model Outputs
Chapter 24 Natural Isotopes24.1 Natural Isotopes in Rainwater24.2 Origin and Age of Groundwater24.3 Natural Isotopes in Groundwater24.3.1 Natural Isotopes in Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer24.3.2 Natural Isotopes in Jabal Hafit Limestone Aquifer24.3.3 Natural Isotopes in the Eastern Gravel Aquifer24.3.4 Natural Isotopes in the Western Gravel Aquifer24.3.5 Natural Isotopes in the Sand Aquifer24.4 Sources of Increasing Groundwater Salinity24.5 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in the Western Region24.6 Efficiency of Groundwater Recharge Dams
Chapter 25 Modelling Techniques25.1 Wadi Al Bih Groundwater Flow Model25.1.1 Model Assumptions25.1.2 Aquifer Boundaries25.1.3 Model Inputs25.1.4 Simulations25.1.5 Model Calibration25.1.6 Model Predictions25.2 Groundwater Flow Models for the Al Ain Area25.2.1 Al Jaww Plain Model25.2.2 Western Gravel Aquifer Model
Chapter 26 Water Laws in the United Arab Emirates26.1 Water Ministries and Agencies26.1.1 Ministry of Environment and Water26.1.2 Ministry of Energy26.1.3 General Water Resources Agency26.2 Federal Water Resources Agencies26.2.1 Federal Electricity and Water Agency26.2.2 Ministry of Environment and Water26.2.3 Federal Environmental Agency26.2.4 Water Resources Studies Authority26.2.5 Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority26.2.6 Dubai Electricity and Water Authority26.2.7 Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority26.3 Legal and Institutional Changes in Water Use in the UAE26.4 Federal Water Law26.4.1 Justification of a Federal Water Law26.4.2 Proposed Federal Law for Water Protection and Development
Chapter 27 General Summary
References