Książki

The revised and updated second edition of Introduction to Cities explores why cities are such a vital part of the human experience and how they shape our everyday lives. Written in engaging and accessible terms, Introduction to Cities examines the study of cities through two central concepts: that cities are places, where people live, form communities, and establish their own identities, and that they are spaces, such as the inner city and the suburb, that offer a way to configure and shape the material world and natural environment.


Introduction to Cities covers the theory of cities from an historical perspective right through to the most recent theoretical developments. The authors offer a balanced account of life in cities and explore both positive and negative themes. In addition, the text takes a global approach, with examples ranging from Berlin and Chicago to Shanghai and Mumbai. The book is extensively illustrated with updated maps, charts, tables, and photographs.


This new edition also includes a new section on urban planning as well as new chapters on cities as contested spaces, exploring power and politics in an urban context. It contains; information on the status of poor and marginalized groups and the impact of neoliberal policies; material on gender and sexuality; and presents a greater range of geographies with more attention to European, Latin American, and African cities.


Revised and updated, Introduction to Cities provides a complete introduction to the history, evolution, and future of our modern cities.

Introduction to Cities - How Place and Space Shape Human Experience, 2nd Edition

List of illustrations xi





List of tables xvii





List of boxes xviii





About the authors xx





Acknowledgments xxi





Walk-through tour xxiii





Part I The foundations 5





1 Cities as places and spaces 6





Cities as places 9





Exploring further 1.1 11





Identity, community, and security 14





Places as the site of our identity 14





Places as the site of community 15





Places as sites of security 16





Studying the city 1.1 17





Human beings make and remake places 17





Place and space 20





Studying the city 1.2 21





Making the city better 1.1 24





Cities shape the fates of human beings 25





Cities and people 26





2 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives 28





The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory 29





Studying the city 2.1 31





Ferdinand Toennies: Community and society 32





Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life 33





Toennies and Simmel: Further reflections 35





The Chicago School of Sociology 38





The city as social space 39





The city, social change, and social order 40





Studying the city 2.2 42





Life in the city as a way of life 44





Making the city better 2.1 46





Early social theories of urban life 47





3 Social theories of urban space and place: Perspectives in the post-World War II era 49





Theoretical descendents of Marx 50





Manuel Castells and the urban question 50





David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city 51





John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine 53





Making the city better 3.1 54





Making the city better 3.2 56





Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities 57





The return to place and the turn to culture 58





Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis 58





Studying the city 3.1 59





Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture 61





Exploring further 3.1 63





Going global: The 1980s and the creation of the global city 66





Evaluating theories of the city 69





4 Methods and rules for the study of cities 72





First rules for doing a social science of cities 74





The rule of validity 74





The rule of reliability 76





Exploring further 4.1 77





Cities and the question of numbers 78





Studying the city 4.1 79





The city as a case study 80





The city as the typical case 82





The city as a prototypical case 85





Ethnographic and historical case studies 87





Ethnographic case studies 87





Studying the city 4.2 89





Historical case studies 90





From one to multiple cases 91





Studying the city 4.3 94





A last but very important rule on doing a good social science of cities: Fitting good theory to good methods 94





And what about insight? 95





Part II The changing metropolis 99





5 The metropolis and its expansion: Early insights and basic principles 100





Metropolitan growth: Basic features 102





The metropolis and its expansion 104





The center of the city 105





The zone of transition 106





The zone of commuters 106





Assessing the concentric zone theory 106





The natural areas of the city 107





Alternative views of the city 107





Studying the city 5.1 108





The mobility of people and groups in the metropolis 109





Social differences and migration in the metropolis 109





Exploring further 5.1? 110





Migration and the expansion of the metropolis 113





The metropolitan center and its links to the hinterlands 115





Human agents and social institutions in the expansion of the metropolis 116





Studying the city 5.2 117





Making the city better 5.1 120





Planning and metropolitan development (new)





Urban growth, institutions, and human agents 121





6 The origins and development of suburbs 123





What is a suburb? Definitions and variations 125





Alternative suburban forms 127





A brief history of suburban development 129





The original suburbs 129





Culture and the demand for suburban living 131





Making the city better 6.1 133





Exploring further 6.1 134





Early suburban diversity 135





Transportation technologies and suburban expansion 136





Making the city better 6.2 139





The role of policy in suburban expansion 140





The mass production of US suburbs 142





Changes and challenges in contemporary suburbs 144





Privatization and gated communities 144





The varied fates of older suburbs 147





Suburbs as places 149





Studying the city 6.1 151





7 Changing metropolitan landscapes after World War II 154





Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis 156





Exploring further 7.1 160





The changing metropolitan order 162





The decline of older industrial cities 162





The rise of the postindustrial/postmodern metropolitan regions 163





The importance of transportation, again 164





The remaking of places and spaces: The profound human and political consequences 165





Making the city better 7.1 166





The emerging global economy: A brief overview 168





Studying the city 7.1 171





People, place, and space in a global world 173





Part III The metropolis and social inequalities 177





8 The early metropolis as a place of inequality 178





Colonial cities as unequal places 180





Early urban diversity 182





Cities of immigrants 184





Immigrant lives: New York's Five Points 185





Studying the city 8.1 189





The Five Points case in context 190





Early reform and intervention efforts 193





Making the American ghetto 193





Integrated beginnings 193





Making the city better 8.1 194





New neighbors, new tensions 195





The perpetuation and implications of black ghettos 196





Studying the city 8.2 197





Exploring further 8.1 199





The significance of urban diversity and inequality 201





9 Inequality and diversity in the post-World War II metropolis 204





Inequality and the metropolis 205





Poverty and race 205





Exploring further 9.1 207





Poverty and homelessness 209





Making the city better 9.1 211





Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis 212





Exploring further 9.2 214





Studying the city 9.1 216





Social diversity and the transformed metropolis 217





The new immigration and the transformation of the metropolis 217





Europe 217





The United States and Canada 219





Reconstructing the contemporary metropolis 221





New ethnic enclaves 221





LGBT neighborhoods 2xx





Studying the city 9.2 224





Other dimensions of urban diversity 226





Making the city better 9.2? 227





The Western metropolis in flux 228





10 Power, authority, and cities as contested spaces States and markets 2xx





The changing global economy 2xx





Exploring further 10.1 (supplied) 2xx





Cities today as contested spaces 2xx





The nature of local governance and politics 2xx





Studying the city 10.1 (Forms of municipal government in the U.S.) 2xx





Local authorities and marginalized peoples 2xx





African-Americans and local authorities 2xx





The homeless and local authorities 2xx





The very poor and local authorities 2xx





Contesting mistreatment by local authorities: Resistance and aid 2xx





Making the city better 10.1 2xx





Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis 2xx





Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city 2xx





Diagram here of Jerusalem today 2xx





The contested spaces of Berlin





Pictures of divided Berlin in 1961, and reunified Berlin in 1990 2xx





Photo of Bernstein's Celebration of Reunification in 1989 when he came to Berlin to conduct Beethoven's Ninth Symphony that he renamed "Ode to Freedom")





Conclusion





Part IV The metropolis in the developing world 331





11 Urbanization and cities in developing countries 232





Urbanization: The basic path and its impact on place 233





Developing-country cities in historical perspective 235





Studying the city 11.1 236





The basic dimensions of urbanization 237





Urban hierarchy 237





Urban primacy 239





Over-urbanization versus under-urbanization 239





Studying the city 11.2 241





Natural increase and in-migration 242





From process and system to place 243





A basic profile with multiple wrinkles 243





Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges 245





Size, density, and diversity 245





Creating wealth and sustaining poverty 246





Exploring further 11.1 250





Making the city better 11.1 251





The developing megacity as a lived place 252





Making the city better 11.2 255





Governing the megacities 255





Studying the city 11.3 256





Reassessing the developing city 258





12 Cities in the global economy 261





Cities in a globalizing world: Theoretical background 262





Emerging cities in the global economy 264





Yiwu, China 264





Rajarhat, India 265





Further Reflections on Yiwu 268





Re-emerging cities in the global economy 269





Berlin, Germany: A once-prosperous, then challenged, and now re-emerging local culture 269





Shanghai, China: Local change in a rising renaissance city 271





Moving more deeply into the global economy 275





Dongguan, china: A place transformed from a rural township into a global factory-city 275





Studying the city 12.1 278





Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From desert to urban miracle to mirage 279





Cities in a fully networked global economy 281





The regional dimension and mediation of cities 281





Becoming globally networked 284





Exploring further 12.1 285





Interdependence between cities and the global economy 287





Studying the city 12.2 288





Systematic constraint and individual flexibility 289





The Global restructuring of cities 290





Making the city better 12.1 291





Part V Challenges of today and the metropolis of the future 295





13 Urban environments and sustainability 296





Making use of nature 297





Natural attributes and urban development 297





Interpreting and manipulating nature 298





Studying the city 13.1 301





Inviting "disaster" 302





Why rebuild? 303





Urban environments 307





Local environmental concerns 308





Making the city better 13.1 308





Environment and inequality 310





Making the city better 13.2 311





Global environmental concerns 312





Urbanization's environmental impacts 313





Cities and climate change 313





Addressing environmental issues: Toward sustainability 315





Exploring further 13.1 317





14 The remaking and future of cities 321





Between place and space: Reinforcing a theoretical vision 322





Remaking cities from above and at critical moments 324





The crisis of Detroit 324





The remaking of Detroit 326





Making the city better 14.1 327





Place-remaking on a larger scale 328





Daily place-remaking from below 330





Remaking neighborhoods and communities 331





The remaking of Brooklyn, New York 331





From Detroit and New York to China and Shanghai - again 332





Remaking cities for the future 334





Scaling up and looking forward 334





Studying the city 14.1 335





The China and India scenarios and their wider implications 336





Cities of the future and the future of cities 340





Making the city better 14.2 341





Exploring further 14.1 346





A final look at the twenty-first-century city 347





Glossary 350





References 358





Index 371