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Being a good clinician is not just about knowledge - how doctors and other healthcare professionals think, reason and make decisions is arguably their most critical skill. While medical schools and postgraduate training programmes teach and assess the knowledge and skills required to practice as a doctor, few offer comprehensive training in clinical reasoning or decision making. This is important because studies suggest that diagnostic error is common and results in significant harm to patients - and errors in reasoning account for the majority of diagnostic errors.The ABC of Clinical Reasoning covers core elements of the thinking and decision making associated with clinical practice - from what clinical reasoning is, what it involves and how to teach it. Informed by the latest advances in cognitive psychology, education and studies of expertise, the ABC covers:* Evidence-based history and examination* Use and interpretation of diagnostic tests* How doctors think - models of clinical reasoning* Cognitive and affective biases* Metacognition and cognitive de-biasing strategies* Patient-centred evidence based medicine* Teaching clinical reasoningFrom an international team of authors, the ABC of Clinical Reasoning is essential reading for all students, medical professionals and other clinicians involved in diagnosis, in order to improve their decision-making skills and provide better patient care.

ABC of Clinical Reasoning

Contributors viPreface vii1 Clinical Reasoning: An Overview 1Nicola Cooper and John Frain2 Evidence?-Based History and Examination, 6Steven McGee and John Frain3 Using and Interpreting Diagnostic Tests 12Nicola Cooper4 Models of Clinical Reasoning 17Martin Hughes and Graham Nimmo5 Cognitive Biases 22Nicola Cooper6 Human Factors 27Nicola Cooper7 Metacognition and Cognitive Debiasing 33Pat Croskerry8 Using Guidelines, Scores and Decision Aids 39Maggie Bartlett and Simon Gay9 Teaching Clinical Reasoning 44Nicola Cooper, Ana L. Da Silva and Sian PowellRecommended Books, Articles and Websites 51Index 5