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POLYMERS AND ADDITVES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTSUniquely catalogs polymers and additives for uses in extreme applications such as in high or low pressure, high or low temperature, deep water and other special applications.The book includes chapters on aqueous environments including polymeric membranes for water purification and wastewater treatment; extreme pressure environments such as oils and lubricants for combustion engines as well as materials used for deep drilling such as surfactants, scale inhibitors, foaming agents, defoamers, propellants, fracturing fluids; extreme temperatures is subdivided in high and low temperature applications including gasketing materials, fuel tank sealants, expulsion bladders, fuel cell materials, and on the other hand, cold weather articles and thermoregulatory textiles; electrical applications include solar cell devices, triboelectric generators, fuel cell applications, electrochromic materials and batteries; medical applications include polymers for contact lenses, materials for tissue engineering, sophisticated drug delivery systems; aerospace applications include outer space applications such as low temperature and pressure, also cosmic rays, outgassing, and atomic erosion, as well as materials for electrostactic dissipative coatings and space suits; a final chapter detailing materials that are used in other extreme environments, such as adhesives, and polymeric concrete materials.AudienceMaterials and polymer scientists working in manufacturing and plastics, civil and mechanical engineers in various industries such as automotive, aircraft, space, marine and shipping, electronics, construction, electrical, etc. will find this book essential. The book will also serve the needs of engineers and specialists who have only a passing contact with polymers and additives in industrial setting need to know more.

Polymers and Additives in Extreme Environments: Application, Properties, and Fabrication

Preface xi1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1References 232 Aqueous Environments 292.1 Water Purification 292.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 292.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 312.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 362.2 Polymer Membranes 362.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 392.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 412.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 442.2.4 Materials for Membranes 452.2.5 Robeson Plot 49References 503 Extreme Pressure Environments 573.1 Engine Oils 573.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 573.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 593.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 593.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 603.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 633.3 Deep Drilling 663.3.1 Surfactants 673.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 683.3.3 Foaming Agents 693.3.4 Defoamers 693.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 703.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 723.3.7 Gel Breakers 723.3.8 Biocides 733.3.9 Proppants 733.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 733.3.11 Thickeners 743.3.12 Friction Reducers 743.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 763.3.14 Emulsifiers 773.3.15 Demulsifiers 783.3.16 Clay Stabilization 783.3.17 pH Control Additives 793.4 Automotive Applications 803.4.1 Airbags 803.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103References 1074 Extreme Temperature 1174.1 High-Temperature Environments 1174.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 1174.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 1184.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 1204.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 1214.2 Low-Temperature Environments 1244.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 1244.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 1284.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 1324.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134References 1355 Electrical Applications 1375.1 Ionic Liquids 1375.1.1 Monomers 1385.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 1415.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 1425.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 1465.1.5 Computer Simulation 1475.2 Solar Cell Devices 1485.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 1485.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 1495.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 1535.2.4 Stability 1545.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 1595.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 1615.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 1645.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1655.4 Fuel Cell Applications 1685.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 1705.6 Electrochromic Materials 1705.7 Batteries 1715.7.1 Cathode Polymers 1715.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 1755.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 1775.7.4 Polymer Separators 1785.7.5 Protective Polymers 180References 1816 Medical Applications 1976.1 Contact Lenses 1976.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 1976.1.2 Materials 1986.1.3 Monomers 1996.1.4 Soft Lenses 2056.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 2386.1.6 Fabrication Methods 2586.2 Tissue Engineering 2726.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 2756.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 2756.3 Drug Delivery Systems 2766.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 2776.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 2786.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 2786.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 2796.3.5 Inhalable Particles 2876.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 2876.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 2886.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 2906.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 2916.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 2966.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 2976.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 2986.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 2986.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 2996.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 3006.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 3006.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 3016.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 3026.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 3036.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 3046.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 3046.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 3116.5 Nanomaterials 3126.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 3146.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 3176.6 Other Fabrication Methods 3206.6.1 Controlled Spreading 3206.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 3216.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 3226.6.4 Microarray Technology 3226.6.5 Biphasic Inks 3226.6.6 Contact Lenses 3296.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 3336.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333References 3347 Drug Delivery 3477.1 Biodegradable Polymers 3477.2 Sustained Release Technology 3477.2.1 Acacia 3507.2.2 Carrageenan 3537.2.3 Cellulose 3547.2.4 Chitosan 3557.2.5 Gellan Gum 3557.2.6 Guar Gum 3557.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 3567.2.8 Khaya Gum 3577.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 3577.2.10 Pectin 3587.2.11 Xanthan Gum 3597.2.12 Electrospinning 3597.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 3607.3 Tissue Engineering 3627.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 3637.4 Tissue Markers 3647.5 Hydrogels 3667.6 Microporous Materials 3677.7 Implants 3707.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 3707.7.2 Eye Implants 3717.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 3727.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 3807.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 3807.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 3807.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 3827.9 Stents 3837.9.1 Surface Erosion 3847.9.2 Tubular Main Body 3857.9.3 Multilayer Stents 3867.10 Thermogelling Materials 3867.11 Wound Dressings 3877.12 Bioceramics 3877.13 Conjugates 389References 3908 Aero and Space Applications 3978.1 Technical Standards 3978.2 Aerospace Applications 4038.2.1 Components for Airplanes 4038.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 4058.2.3 Nanocomposites 4058.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 4068.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 4118.2.6 Leak Detection 4188.2.7 Antistatic Applications 4188.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 4198.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 4198.3 Outer Space Applications 4278.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 4288.3.2 Solar Cells 4308.3.3 Antenna Reflector 4338.3.4 Polymeric Coating 4348.3.5 Space Suits 4398.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440References 4449 Other Environments 4559.1 Adhesives 4559.1.1 Lignin 4559.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 4569.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 4579.2 Extreme pH 4579.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 4579.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 4589.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 4609.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 4629.2.5 pH-Stable Stationary Phases 4639.3 Concrete 4679.3.1 Metakaolin and Polymers 4679.3.2 Polymer-Modified Mortar 4699.3.3 Functionalized Poly(vinyl alcohol) 4699.3.4 Polymer Concrete 4709.3.5 Influence of Humidity 4719.3.6 Polymer Emulsions and Fibers 4739.3.7 Lightweight Cement 4759.3.8 Recycling Control 476References 477Index 483Acronyms 483Chemicals 487General Index 505