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CONTACT LENSESThe book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.AudienceThe book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.

Contact Lenses: Chemicals, Methods, and Applications

Preface xi1 Types of Lenses 11.1 History of Contact Lenses 11.2 Materials 31.3 Monomers 31.3.1 Monomers for Block Copolymers 31.3.2 Silicone Acrylamides 71.4 Soft Lenses 131.4.1 Hydrogels 131.4.2 PVA Hydrogel 481.4.3 Clear Contact Lenses 481.5 Water Absorbable Formulations 491.6 Bandage Contact Lenses 531.6.1 Antimicrobial Bandage Contact Lens 531.7 Functional Contact Lenses 561.7.1 Remote Health Monitoring 561.7.2 Graphene Oxide Nanocolloids 601.7.3 Diabetic Diagnosis 611.7.4 Target Analyte Sensing 661.7.5 Adaptive Tuning 711.7.6 Wireless Communication 721.7.7 Glucose Biosensors 761.7.8 Cancer Detection 781.8 Scleral Contact Lenses 781.8.1 Fabrication of Scleral Lenses 791.8.2 Scleral Lens Fitting 821.8.3 Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 831.9 Multifocal Contact Lenses 831.9.1 Bifocal Contact Lenses 831.9.2 Silicone Hydrogels 851.9.3 Non-Silicone Hydrogels 891.9.4 Tilted-Wear Type Contact Lenses 931.9.5 Neutral Density Filters 941.10 Augmented Reality Contact Lens Systems 951.10.1 Electronic Contact Lenses 961.10.2 Smart Contact Lenses 961.10.3 Wearable Smart Contact Lenses 971.10.4 Collimated Light-Emitting Diodes 981.11 Siloxane Macromers 991.11.1 Silicone Urethane Polymers 1021.12 Oxygen-Permeable Lenses 1071.12.1 Extended Wear Lenses 1071.12.2 Structures for Thick Payloads 1151.13 Natural Protein Polymer Contact Lenses 1181.14 Ultrathin Coating 1191.15 Anti-Biofouling Contact Lenses 1211.15.1 Phosphorylcholine 1211.15.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 1251.15.3 Chitosan 1271.16 Drug Delivery via Hydrogel Contact Lenses 1291.16.1 Hydrogels with Phosphate Groups 1291.16.2 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 1311.17 Simulation Methods 1331.17.1 Ocular Topography Parameters 1331.17.2 Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses 1341.17.3 Computerized Videokeratography 134References 1352 Fabrication Methods 1492.1 Computer-Aided Contact Lens Design and Fabrication 1492.1.1 Spline-Based Mathematical Surfaces 1492.1.2 Corneal Refractive Therapy Program 1522.2 Contact Lenses with Selective Spectral Blocking 1542.3 Colored Contact Lenses 1562.3.1 Hard Colored Contact Lenses 1572.4 Decentered Contact Lenses 1612.5 Stabilized Contact Lenses 1622.6 Additive Manufacturing 1632.7 Mold Process 1642.7.1 Injection Molding 1642.7.2 Cast Molding 1662.7.3 Two-Part Mold Assembly 1682.8 Reactive Ion Etching 1702.9 Electrospinning 1722.9.1 Creating Electrospun Contact Lens Structures 1722.9.2 Electrospinning Controlled Polymer Fibril Matrices 1742.9.3 Electrospinning of a Prepolymer Solution 1752.10 Rigid Plastic Lenses 1832.10.1 Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses 1832.11 Soft Plastic Lenses 1842.11.1 Layer-by-Layer Deposition 1842.11.2 Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymerization 1912.11.3 Shaping and Cutting 1922.12 Coating Methods 1952.12.1 Zwitterionic Coating 1952.12.2 Antibacterial Nanocoating 1962.13 Disinfection of Contact Lenses 1962.13.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Fibrous Catalyst 1972.13.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Metal Catalyst 1972.13.3 Removing Hydrogen Peroxide 1992.14 Integrated Microtubes 2012.15. Injection Molding 2012.15.1 Aspheric Contact Lenses 2012.16 Handling Tools 2022.16.1 Insertion Tool 2022.16.2 Insertion Tool 205References 2053 Properties 2113.1 Ophthalmic Compatibility Requirements 2113.2 Standards 2123.2.1 Tensile Properties of Plastics 2123.2.2 Tear-Propagation Resistance 2153.2.3 Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate 2153.2.4 Biomaterials 2153.2.5 Eye Protectors 2163.3 Eye Model with Blink Mechanism 2173.4 Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects 2193.4.1 Draize Eye Irritation Test 2193.4.2 Acute Eye Irritation Testing 2203.4.3 Benzalkonium Chlorides 2203.4.4 Residual Monomer Content 2213.5 Special Functions 2233.5.1 Intraocular Pressure 2243.5.2 Coating Thickness 2293.6 Cleaning of Contact Lenses 2293.7 Biofouling 2343.8 Wettability 2343.8.1 Blister Pack Solutions 2363.8.2 Captive Bubble Method 2373.8.3 Tethered Hyaluronic Acid-Based Coatings 2393.9 Material Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy 2403.10 Microscopic Examination 2423.10.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 2433.10.2 Atomic Force Spectroscopy 2443.10.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2463.10.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 2473.11 Schirmer Tear Test 2483.12 Ocular Surface Disease Index Test 2483.13 Corneal Fluorescein Staining Test 2493.14 Ion Permeability 2503.14.1 Ionoflux Technique 2503.14.2 Ionoton Measurement Technique 2523.15 Hydrodell Water Permeability Technique 2533.16 Oxygen Permeability and Transmissibility 2533.16.1 Contact Lens Solutions 2543.17 Optical Biometer 2553.17.1 Ophthalmologic Apparatus 2553.17.2 Ophthalmologic Information Processing 2593.17.3 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography 259References 2604 Drug Delivery 2714.1 Basic Issues 2724.2 Methodologies for the Design of Therapeutic Contact Lenses 2734.2.1 Soaking Method 2734.2.2 pH-Sensitive Lenses 2734.2.3 Magnetic Micropump 2754.2.4 Molecular Imprinting 2754.2.5 Colloidal Nanoparticles 2764.2.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles 2764.2.7 Cyclodextrins 2774.2.8 Liposomes 2774.2.9 Microemulsion and Micelles 2784.2.10 Vitamin E 2784.2.11 Supercritical Fluid Technology 2784.2.12 Hydrophobic Drug Loading 2794.2.13 Cationic Drugs 2794.3 Hydrogels 2814.3.1 Salt-Induced Modulation 2834.3.2 Polymeric Hydrogels 2844.3.3 Colloid-Laden Hydrogels 2854.3.4 Ligand-Containing Hydrogels 2854.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers 2864.3.6 Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses 2894.3.7 Zwitterionic Hydrogels 2904.3.8 Surface-Modified Hydrogels 2914.3.9 Cyclodextrin-Hyaluronan Hydrogels 2934.3.10 Bioinspired Hydrogels 2934.3.11 Tobramycin Release 2944.4 Contact Lens Gels 2974.5 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses 2984.5.1 Molecular Imprinting Technology 2984.5.2 Molecularly Imprinted Contact Lenses 2994.5.3 Hydrogels 3014.5.4 Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Preparation 3024.6 Special Drugs 3034.6.1 Timolol 3034.6.2 Dexamethasone 3084.6.3 Ketotifen Fumarate 3124.6.4 Ciprofloxacin 3154.6.5 Ofloxacin 3184.6.6 Polymyxin B and Vancomycin 3214.6.7 Epinastine 3234.6.8 Lactoferrin 3234.6.9 Bimatoprost 3244.6.10 Dipicolylamine 3254.6.11 Gatifloxacin 3264.6.12 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose 3284.6.13 Dorzolamide 3284.6.14 Ethoxzolamide 3294.6.15 Hyaluronic Acid 3314.6.16 Lifitegrast 3354.6.17 Diclofenac Sodium 3364.6.18 Moxifloxacin 3394.6.19 Norfloxacin 3404.6.20 Sparfloxacin 3414.6.21 Latanoprost 3424.6.22 Loteprednol 3434.6.23 Release of Multiple Therapeutics 344References 3475 Medical Problems 3635.1 Eye Diseases 3635.2 Corneal Edema 3635.2.1 PMMA Lenses 3655.2.2 Thickness Changes 3655.2.3 Corneal Swelling 3665.2.4 Acanthamoeba Keratitis 3675.3 Presbyopia and Myopia Control 3685.4 Toxic Soft Lenses 3695.4.1 Allergic and Toxic Reactions 3705.5 Disinfection Agents 3745.5.1 Polymeric Biguanide and Vinylimidazole 3755.5.2 Saccharides 3765.5.3 Amphipathic Peptides 3815.5.4 Antibacterial Properties 3845.6 Silicone Hydrogels 3855.7 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency 3855.8 Computer Vision Syndrome 3875.8.1 Tests and Analysis 3885.8.2 Pathophysiology 3885.8.3 Problems for Radiologists 3895.9 Dry Eye Problems 3905.9.1 Ions in Tears 3905.9.2 Treatment Methods 3925.9.3 Comparative Study of the Reasons for Dry Eyes 3945.10 Orthokeratology 3955.10.1 Myopia 398References 401Index 413Acronyms 413Chemicals 416General Index 429