Książki

With distributed generation interconnection power flow becoming bidirectional, culminating in network problems, smart grids aid in electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe (protected), secure, reliable, efficient, and sustainable. This book illustrates fault analysis, fuses, circuit breakers, instrument transformers, relay technology, transmission lines protection setting using DIGsILENT Power Factory. Intended audience is senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power systems, transmission and distribution, protection system broadly under electrical engineering.

Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment

Section I Faults Analysis and Power System Protection Devices





1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective





[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]





2. Fault Analysis





[Patrick T. Manditereza]





3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers





[Abhishek Chauhan, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]





4. Instrument Transformers





[Rajiv Singh and Asheesh Kumar Singh]





5. Protective Relaying System





[Senthil Krishnamurthy]





Section II Transmission Line Protection





6. Medium Voltage Phase Overcurrent Feeder Protection





[Martin J. Slabbert, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]





7. Bus-Bar Protection





[Arvind R. Singh, Ranjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]





8. Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines





[Senthil Krishnamurthy]





9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices





[K. A. Nzeba, J. J. Justo, Aishwarya Biju, and Ramesh Bansal]





Section III Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation and Control; Overvoltage and Lightening Protection





10. Transformer Protection





[Patrick T. Manditereza]





11. Generator Protection System





[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]





12. Induction Motor Protection





[N. T. Mbungu, Ramesh Bansal, Raj Naidoo, and D. H. Tungadio]





13. Substation Automation and Control





[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]





14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection





[N. T. Mbungu, J. J. Justo, and Ramesh Bansal]





Section IV Power Quality Issues, Reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection





15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection





[Abhishek Chauhan, J. J. Justo, T. Adefarati, and Ramesh Bansal]





16. Reliability Assessment of the Distribution System in the Presence of Protective Devices





[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]





17. Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control





[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]





18. Protection of Renewable Distributed Generation System





[Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ramesh K. Tripathi, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]











1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective





1.1 Introduction





1.2 Major functions of a smart grid system





1.3 Features of the smart grid





1.4 Smart grid technologies





1.5 Sensing and measurement





1.6 Smart meter





1.7 Phasor measurement unit





1.8 Distribution energy resources





1.9 Peak load management





1.10 Smart grid automation





1.11 Grid code





1.12 Protection system in the smart grid





1.13 Importance of protection in the smart grid





1.14 Challenges of protective devices in the smart grid





1.15 Tutorial Problems





1.16 Conclusion





References





2. Fault analysis





2.1 Introduction





2.2 The Per Unit System - A review





2.3 Synchronous machine reactances





2.4 Effect of large motors on fault level





2.5 Network reduction technique for balanced fault calculation





2.6 Methods of reducing fault levels





2.7 Bus impedance matrix method of fault calculation





2.8 Symmetrical components





2.9 Unsymmetrical Faults





2.10 The bus impedance matrix in unbalanced fault calculation





2.11 Computer simulations





2.12 Tutorial Problems





2.13 Conclusion





References





3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers





3.1 Introduction





3.2 Fuses





3.3 Circuit breakers





3.4 Tutorial Problems





3.5. Conclusion





References











4. Instrument Transformers





4.1 Introduction





4.2 Shunts and Multipliers for Range Extension





4.3 Limitations of shunts and multipliers in range extension





4.4 Merits of ITs





4.5 Technical Performance Parameters of ITs





4.6. Current Transformers





4.7 Potential Transformers





4.8 Tutorial Problems





4.9 Conclusion





References





5. Protective Relaying System





5.1 Introduction





5.2 Over current relays and characteristics





5.3 Differential relaysand their characteristics





5.4 Solved problems on protective relaying system





5.5 Conclusion





References





Section II: Transmission line protection





6. Medium Voltage phase Over current feeder protection





6.1 Introduction





6.2 Protection philosophy





6.3 MV network layout and components





6.4 Protection elements and functions





6.5 Let-through energy





6.6 Grading





6.7 Settings example (top-down method)





6.8 Interconnected network strategy





6.9 Adaptive Protection requirement





6.10 Worked examples





6.11 Tutorial Problems





6.12 Conclusion





References





7. Bus Protection





7.1 General considerations of bus protection





7.2 Typical bus-bar arrangements





7.3 Bus faults





7.4 Bus protection requirements





7.5 Bus protection





7.6 CTs for differential protection





7.7 Bus differential protection





7.8 Bus bar differential protection with high impedance





7.9 Percentage restrained differential relay





7.10 Percentage differential bus bar protection technique numerical example





7.11 Partial Differential Protection





7.12 Directional Comparison Bus Protection





7.13 Tutorial Questions





7.14 Conclusion





References





8 Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines





8.1 Introduction





8.2 Distance relays and characteristics





8.3 Communication assisted protection schemes





8.4 Distance protection setting on DigSilent Power Factory simulation tool





8.5 Distance protection setting on numerical relay





8.6 Solved problems on distance protective relaying system





8.7 Conclusion





References











9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices





9.1 Introduction





9.2 Principle of operation of reactors, SVC and STATCOM





9.3 Principles of Protection Strategies





9.4 Tutorial Problems





9.5 Conclusion





References











Section III: Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation & Control; Overvoltage & Lightening Protection





10 Transformer Protection





10.1 Introduction





10.2 Origins of transformer faults





10.3 Magnetising inrush





10.4 Overcurrent Protection





10.5 Earth fault protection





10.6 Differential protection





10.7 Differential protection types





10.8 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection





10.9 Transformer differential protection





10.10 Combined differential and REF protection





10.11 Differential protection application with an earthing transformer





10.12 Buchholz protection





10.13 Transformer winding temperature





10.14 Pressure release valve





10.15 Tutorial Problems





10.16 Conclusion





References





11 Generator Protection





11.1 Introduction





11.2 Generator protection functions





11.3 Generator stator protection





11.4 Rotor protection





11.5 Protection for other systems





11.6 Conclusion





11.7 Tutorial Problems





References





12 Induction Motor Protection





12.1 Introduction





12.2 Induction Motor Analysis





12.3 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor





12.4 Overload/thermal protection





12.5 Start/stall protection





12.6 Short-circuit protection,





12.7 Earth fault protection,





12.8 Negative phase sequence protection





12.9 Protection of rotor windings





12.10 Under voltage/overvoltage protection, loss-of-load, protection





12.11 Motor protection solved and unsolved examples





12.12 Conclusion





13 Substation Automation & Control





13.1. Introduction





13.2. Substation Automation and Control using the IEC 61850 Standard





13.3. Communication Networks





13.4. Wide Area Data Exchange





13.5. System Engineering





13.6. Testing





13.7. Cyber Security





13.8. IEC 61850 Use Cases





13.9 Tutorial Problems





13.10 Conclusion





References





14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection





14.1 Introduction





14.2 Overvoltage





14.3 Insulation co-ordination,





14.4 Overvoltages Protection





14.5 Grounding system





14.6 Solved Problems





14.7 Tutorial Problems





14.8 Conclusion





References











Section IV: Power quality issues, reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection





15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection





15.1 Power Quality





15.2 Need of Power Quality Assessment





15.3 Evaluation of Power Quality





15.4 Frequency Variation as Power Quality Issue





15.5 Unbalance Voltage as Power Quality Issue





15.6 Harmonics





15.7 Solved Problems





15.8 Tutorial Problems





15.9 Conclusion





References





16. Reliability aspects of Power System Protection





16.1 Introduction





16.2 Distribution power system





16.3 Protection system





16.4 Protective devices in the distribution power system





16.5 Power interruption





16.6 Reliability





16.7 Reliability indices





16.8 Concept of reliability





16.9 Reliability indices of the distribution system





16.10 Objective function





16.11 Results and discussions





16.12 Tutorial Problems





16. 13 Conclusion





References





17 Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control





17.1 Introduction





17.2 Synchrophasor Technology





17.3 System Planning and Functional Requirements





17.4 Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring Systems





17.5 Wide Area Protection and Control Schemes (System Integrity Protection Scheme)





17.6 Cyber Security in Synchrophasor-Based Systems





17.7 Example of a Cyber-Security Attack





17.8 Tutorial Problems





17.9 Conclusion





References











18. The impact of DG penetration on protection & current protection practices





18.1 The impact of RDG/DG penetration on protection & Current protection practices





18.2 Factors affecting RDGs/DGs Protection





18.3 Protection with islanding operation (Anti-islanding)





18.4 Protection of Microgrids





18.5 Protection of Wind Energy Generation Systems





18.6 Protection of PV systems





18.7 Protection aspects for the future distribution network/system





18.9 Tutorial Problems





18.9 Conclusion





References