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Asking Questions in Biology PXE eBook

• Cover Page


• Title Page


• Copyright Page


• Preface


• 1 Doing science: Where do questions come from?


• 1.1 Science as asking questions


• 1.2 Basic considerations


• 1.3 The skill of asking questions


• 1.4 Where do questions come from?


• 1.5 What this book is about


• References


• 2 Asking questions: The art of framing hypotheses and predictions


• 2.1 Observation


• 2.2 Exploratory analysis


• 2.3 Forming hypotheses


• 2.4 Summary


• References


• 3 Answering questions: What do the results say?


• 3.1 Confirmatory analysis


• 3.2 What is statistical significance?


• 3.3 Significance tests


• 3.4 Testing hypotheses


• 3.5 Testing predictions


• 3.6 Refining hypotheses and predictions


• 3.7 Summary


• References


• 4 Presenting information: How to communicate outcomes and conclusions


• 4.1 Presenting figures and tables


• 4.2 Presenting results in the text


• 4.3 Writing reports


• 4.4 Writing for a more general readership


• 4.5 Presenting in person: spoken papers and poster presentations


• 4.6 Plagiarism


• 4.7 Summary


• Reference


• Test finder and help guide


• Some self-test questions


• Appendix I: Table of confidence limits to the median


• Appendix II: How to calculate some simple significance tests


• Appendix III: Significance tables


• Appendix IV: The common codes for the important graphical parameters of R


• Answers to self-test questions


• Index


• Quick test finders