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This new addition to the popular Seminar Studies series looks at the origins, development and organisation of the Military Orders during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, showing how they functioned as a form of religious life and concentrating on their role in the Crusades and in the government and defence of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. Dr Nicholas Morton offers coverage of the Templars, Hospitalers and Teutonic Knights, as well as various smaller orders.



Perfect for undergraduate students studying the Crusades, and for anyone with an interest in this popular topic, this concise and useful history contains numerous primary source materials as well as features to aid understanding.

The Medieval Military Orders: 1120-1314

Contents



List of Illustrations. 5



Introduction. 6



Chapter 1: The idea of the military orders and the rise of the Templars. 14



Introduction. 14



The legacy of the First Crusade. 15



The development of the Latin East and the origins of the Templars. 16



Secular and Religious Knighthood. 19



Reactions to the New Knighthood (contemporary attitudes 1)20



Chapter 2: The Defence of the Holy Land, 1130-1187. 25



The Origins and Militarisation of the Hospitallers. 25



Templar and Hospitaller resources in the west (finances 1)28



Castles and fortifications (military activities 1)33



The Holy Land 1144-1170. 36



The military orders at the time of William of Tyre (contemporary attitudes 2)38



The fall of Jerusalem.. 41



Further Reading. 45



Chronology. 47



Chapter 3: Iberia. 48



The introduction of the military orders into the Iberian Peninsula. 48



The Spanish military orders and the reconquest, 1157-1195. 50



Frontier revenue: Iberia and the Holy Land (finances 2)54



The struggle for Spain 1195-1232. 57



Secular rulers and the military orders (patrons 1)60



Expansion and the appeal of the Holy Land, 1233-1300. 63



Further Reading. 67



Chronology. 69



Chapter 4: The defence of the Holy Land 1188-1291. 71



1188-1228: The struggle for the Eastern Mediterranean. 71



Conflicts of interests (patrons 2)75



Competition between military orders. 78



1230-1260. 80



The economics of defeat (finances 3)83



Decline and fall 1260-1291. 85



Further Reading. 89



Chronology. 91



Chapter 5: Eastern Europe and the Baltic. 92



Background. 92



Eastern frontlines. 93



Relations with the papacy (patrons 3)99



The Teutonic Knights and the Eastern frontier102



Dividing resources (finances 4)108



Further Reading. 112



Chronology. 113



Chapter 6: Internal Structure and Identity. 115



The Military Orders as a form of monasticism.. 115



Central Control118



Careers and life-cycle. 121



Daily Life. 126



Piety and Identity. 130



The military orders in the field (military activities 2)133



Medical roles. 136



Women and the military orders. 139



Further Reading. 141



Chapter 7: Away from the frontier, the military orders in Western Christendom.. 144



The military orders in a changing world. 144



Politics, regional concerns and local elites (patrons 4)145



Crusaders and Pilgrims. 149



Heresy, mendicants and political crusading. 154



Attitudes to the military orders in the Holy Land before 1291 (contemporary attitudes 3)157



Further reading. 161



Chapter 8: The military orders at the time of the Trial of the Templars. 164



The Eastern Mediterranean following the fall of Acre. 164



The Trial of the Templars (Patrons 5)166



The other military orders at the time of the Trial173



Further Reading. 178



The sources for the military orders. 180



Translated Documents. 185



1. Bernard of Clairvaux's treatise for the Templars entitled, In Praise of the New Knighthood (1130s)185



2. The foundation of the order of Calatrava. 186



3. Prince Bohemond III of Antioch offers properties to the order of Santiago in return for their assistance (September 1180)187



4. Pope Innocent III confirms the treaty between the Swordbrethren and the bishop of Riga 190



5. Hermann von Salza's letter to Pope Gregory IX concerning his actions on crusade (late March 1229)191



6. Pope Gregory IX encourages the faithful to support the Teutonic Knights in their construction of Montfort (10 July 1230)194



7. Matthew Paris describes the public reaction to an appeal for help sent by the Templars in July 1244 196



8. Eberhard of Sayn, visitor of the Teutonic Knights, outlines the arrangements for the organisation of the order in Prussia and its responsibilities to master and chapter in the Holy Land. 197



9. King Alfonso III of Aragon permits the Templars to export six horses to the Latin East (25 April 1286)201



10. King James II of Aragon demands that the Templars help to defend his kingdom against Castile (17 August 1300)201



Who's who. 203



References. 206