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This fourth edition of the classic textbook has been updated and revised by a renowned team of experienced health physicists and book authors, to include current physiokinetic and dosimetric models as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. In addition, all units are now given using the SI system, making the book even more useful to an international audience, while the sections on statistics have been completely rewritten to make them more accessible.As a result, the text offers advanced students and professionals comprehensive coverage of the major concepts behind the origins and transport of ionizing radiation in matter. It covers the detection and measurement of radiation and the statistical interpretation of the data, thoroughly describing the procedures that are used to protect humans and the environment from the potential harmful effects. Throughout, the basic principles are elucidated using numerous worked examples that exemplify practical applications and each chapter includes problem sets (with partial answers) and extensive tables and graphs for continued use as a reference work.

Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection

ABOUT ATOMIC PHYSICS AND RADIATIONClassical PhysicsDiscovery of X-RaysSome Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation PhysicsImportant Dates in Radiation ProtectionSources and Levels of Radiation ExposureSuggested ReadingATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC RADIATIONThe Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900)The Rutherford Nuclear AtomBohr's Theory of the Hydrogen AtomSemiclassical Mechanics, 1913-1925Quantum MechanicsThe Pauli Exclusion PrincipleAtomic Theory of the Periodic SystemMoleculesSolids and Energy BandsContinuous and Characteristic X RaysAuger ElectronsSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersTHE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR RADIATIONNuclear StructureNuclear Binding EnergiesAlpha DecayBeta Decay (beta-)Gamma-Ray EmissionInternal ConversionOrbital Electron CapturePositron Decay (beta+)Suggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIOACTIVE DECAYActivityExponential DecaySpecific ActivitySerial Radioactive DecayNatural RadioactivityRadon and Radon DaughtersSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTEREnergy-Loss MechanismsMaximum Energy Transfer in a Single CollisionSingle-Collision Energy-Loss SpectraStopping PowerSemiclassical Calculation of Stopping PowerThe Bethe Formula for Stopping PowerMean Excitation EnergiesTable for Computation of Stopping PowersStopping Power of Water for ProtonsRangeSlowing-Down TimeLimitations of Bethe's Stopping-Power FormulaSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF ELECTRONS WITH MATTEREnergy-Loss MechanismsCollisional Stopping PowerRadiative Stopping PowerRadiation YieldRangeSlowing-Down TimeExamples of Electron Tracks in WaterSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersPHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH CHARGED-PARTICLE TRACKSDelta RaysRestricted Stopping PowerLinear Energy Transfer (LET)Specific IonizationEnergy StragglingRange StragglingMultiple Coulomb ScatteringSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERACTION OF PHOTONS WITH MATTERInteraction MechanismsPhotoelectric EffectEnergy-Momentum Requirements for Photon Absorption by an ElectronCompton EffectPair ProductionPhotonuclear ReactionsAttenuation CoefficientsEnergy-Transfer and Energy-Absorption CoefficientsCalculation of Energy Absorption and Energy TransferSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersNEUTRONS, FISSION, AND CRITICALITYIntroductionNeutron SourcesClassification of NeutronsInteractions with MatterElastic ScatteringNeutron-Proton Scattering Energy-Loss SpectrumReactionsEnergetics of Threshold ReactionsNeutron ActivationFissionCriticalitySuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersMETHODS OF RADIATION DETECTIONIonization in GasesIonization in SemiconductorsScintillationPhotographic FilmThermoluminescenceOther MethodsNeutron DetectionSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersSTATISTICSThe Statistical World of Atoms and RadiationRadioactive Disintegration-Exponential DecayRadioactive Disintegration-a Bernoulli ProcessThe Binomial DistributionThe Poisson DistributionThe Normal DistributionError and Error PropagationCounting Radioactive SamplesMinimum Significant Measured Activity-Type-I ErrorsMinimum Detectable True Activity-Type-II ErrorsCriteria for Radiobioassay, HPS Nl3.30-1996Instrument ResponseMonte Carlo Simulation of Radiation TransportSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIATION DOSIMETRYIntroductionQuantities and UnitsMeasurement of ExposureMeasurement of Absorbed DoseMeasurement of X- and Gamma-Ray DoseNeutron DosimetryDose Measurements for Charged-Particle BeamsDetermination of LETDose CalculationsOther Dosimetric Concepts and QuantitiesSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONTime Frame for Radiation EffectsPhysical and Prechemical Chances in Irradiated WaterChemical StageExamples of Calculated Charged-Particle Tracks in WaterChemical Yields in WaterBiological EffectsSources of Human DataThe Acute Radiation SyndromeDelayed Somatic EffectsIrradiation of Mammalian Embryo and FetusGenetic EffectsRadiation BiologyDose-Response RelationshipsFactors Affecting Dose ResponseSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersRADIATION-PROTECTION CRITERIA AND EXPOSURE LIMITSObjective of Radiation ProtectionElements of Radiation-Protection ProgramsThe NCRP and ICRPNCRP/ICRP Dosimetric QuantitiesRisk Estimates for Radiation ProtectionCurrent Exposure Limits of the NCRP and ICRPOccupational Limits in the Dose-Equivalent SystemThe "2015 ICRP Recommendations"ICRU Operational QuantitiesProbability of CausationSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersEXTERNAL RADIATION PROTECTIONDistance, Time, and ShieldingGamma-Ray ShieldingShielding in X-Ray InstallationsProtection from Beta RadiationNeutron ShieldingSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersINTERNAL DOSIMETRY AND RADIATION PROTECTIONObjectivesICRP PublicationMethodologyICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Respiratory SystemICRP-66 Human Respiratory Tract ModelICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Gastrointestinal TractOrgan Activities as Functions of TimeSpecific Absorbed Fraction, Specific Effective Energy, Committed QuantitiesNumber of Transformations in Source Organs over 50 YDosimetric Model for BoneICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for Submersion in a Radioactive CloudSelected ICRP-30 Metabolic Data for Reference ManSuggested ReadingProblemsAnswersAPPENDIXA Physical ConstantsB Units and Conversion FactorsC Some Basic Formulas of Physics (MKS and CCS Units)D Selected Data on NuclidesE Statistical DerivationsIndex