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Human Neuroanatomy provides a thorough and comprehensive overview of the human brain and spinal cord for medical and graduate students as well as residents in the clinical neurosciences. Standing on the shoulders of training from outstanding scientist-teacher mentors and based on more than 30 years of experience teaching about the brain and spinal cord to medical and graduate students, this single authored text presents everything the reader would need as they begin their study of the nervous system. At the same time the experienced neuroscientist will find much useful and valuable information in these pages that is based almost exclusively on studies in experimental primates and observations in humans. Every effort has been made to present the complexities of the nervous system as simply and clearly as possible. The careful reader will discover a clarity and depth of coverage that makes the reading both instructional and enjoyable. Topics are presented logically and the text in an easy-to-read style. The accompanying line drawings emphasize important concepts in a clear and uncluttered manner.

Topics presented:

• Neurons, glial cells, degeneration, regeneration, axonal transport
• Review of the development of the human nervous system
• Overview of the anatomy of the spinal cord, brain stem and forebrain
• General sensory paths (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception)
• Special sensory systems (auditory, vestibular, visual, olfactory and gustatory)
• Eye movements and visual reflexes
• Comprehensive presentation of the regions involved in motor activity including the clinical manifestation of injuries to these motor areas
• Limbic system, hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system
• Lobes of the brain, clinically important cortical areas and the results of lesions in these areas
• Blood supply to the spinal cord, brain stem, and brain including classical brain stem syndromes
• The meninges and the ventricular system
• Numerous helpful clinical correlations that emphasize the practical application of basic anatomical information

Human Neuroanatomy: An Introduction

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nervous System

1.1. Neurons

1.1.1. Neuronal Cell Body (Soma)

1.1.2. Axon Hillock

1.1.3. Neuronal Processes - Axons and Dendrites

1.2. Classification of Neurons

1.2.1. Neuronal Classification by Function

1.2.2. Neuronal Classification by Number of Processes

1.3. The Synapse

1.3.1. Components of a Synapse

1.3.2. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

1.3.3. Neuronal Plasticity

1.3.4. The Neuropil

1.4. Neuroglial Cells

1.4.1. Neuroglial Cells differ from Neurons

1.4.2. Identification of Neuroglia

1.4.3. Neuroglial Function

1.4.4. Neuroglial Cells and Aging

1.5. Axonal Transport

1.5.1. Functions of Axonal Transport

1.5.2. Defective Axonal Transport

1.6. Degeneration and Regeneration

1.6.1. Axon or Retrograde Reaction

1.6.2. Anterograde Degeneration

1.6.3. Retrograde Degeneration

1.6.4. Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves

1.6.5. Regeneration and Neurotrophic Factors

1.6.6. Regeneration in the Central Nervous System

1.7. Neural Transplantation

Further Reading

Chapter 2: Development of the Nervous System

2.1. First Week of Development (Fertilization, Free Blastocyst, Attaching Blastocyst)

2.1.1. Fertilization

2.1.2. From Two Cells to the Free Blastocyst

2.2. Second Week of Development (Implantation, Primitive Streak Appears, Three Layers of Cells)

2.2.1. Implantation and the Appearance of Two Distinct Layers of Cells

2.2.2. Primitive Streak and a Third Layer of Cells Appear

2.3. Third Week of Development (Neural Plate, Groove, and Folds, Three Main Divisions of the Brain)

2.3.1. Primitive Node and Notochordal Process Appear

2.3.2. Neural Plate, Groove, Folds and Neuromeres Appear

2.3.3. Three Main Divisions of the Brain Identifiable

2.3.4. Mesencephalic Flexure Appears

2.4. Fourth Week of Development (Neural Tube Forms and Closes, Neural Crest Formation Continues)

2.4.1. Formation of the Neural Tube

2.4.2. Rostral and Caudal Neuropores Remain Temporarily Open

2.4.3. Neural Crest Cells Emerge

2.4.4. Neural Canal - the Future Ventricular System

2.4.5. Neuropores Close and the Closed Neural Tube is Filled with Fluid

2.4.6. Cervical Flexure Present

2.5. Fifth Week of Development (Five Subdivisions of the Brain Identifiable)

2.5.1. Simple Tube Transforms into Complex Organ System

2.5.2. Five Subdivisions of the Brain Appear

2.5.3. Brain Vesicles vs. Brain Regions

2.6. Vulnerability of the Developing Nervous System

2.7. Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System

2.7.1. Spinal Dysraphism

2.7.2. Anencephaly

Further Reading

Chapter 3: The Spinal Cord

3.1. Embryological Considerations

3.1.1. Layers of the Developing Spinal Cord

3.1.2. Formation of Ventral Gray Columns and Ventral Roots

3.1.3. Formation of Dorsal Gray Columns

3.1.4. Dorsal and Ventral Horns vs. Dorsal and Ventral Gray Columns

3.1.5. Development of Neural Crest Cells

3.1.6. The Framework of the Adult Cord is Present at Birth

3.2. Gross Anatomy

3.2.1. Spinal Cord Weight and Length

3.2.2. Spinal Segments, Regions, and Enlargements

3.2.3. Spinal Segments in Each Region are of Unequal Length

3.2.4. Conus Medullaris, Filum Terminale, and Cauda Equina

3.2.5. Termination of the Adult Spinal Cord

3.2.6. Differential Rate of Growth: Vertebral Column vs. the Spinal Cord

3.2.7. Relationship between Spinal Segment