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Many international obligations are subject to exceptions. These can be expressed in several ways: an obligation may be vitiated by the presence of one of its constitutive negative requirements, an obligation may be set aside by the application of another more specific rule, or an actor might have a right to act in a certain way notwithstanding a contrary obligation. Exceptions are also of fundamental practical importance: for example, they affect the allocation of
the burden of proof.

This volume provides a systematic and analytic study of exceptions to legal obligations in international law and defences for breaches of these obligations. It features contributions written by legal philosophers, who introduce various theoretical approaches to the role of exceptions, and scholars of international law, who elaborate on generic issues applicable to exceptions in international law as well as examine specific issues arising from exceptions in their respective areas of expertise.
Topics covered include the use of force, international criminal law, human rights, trade, investment, environment, and jurisdictional immunities.

Exceptions in International Law

Bartels & Paddeu: Introduction

Jaap Hage: Antonia Waltermann and Gustavo Arosemena, Exceptions in International Law

Giovanni Sartor: Rules and Exceptions, in Law and Elsewhere

Frederick Schauer: Rules, Defeasibility, and the Psychology of Exceptions

Jorge Vinuales: Seven Ways of Escaping a Rule: Of Exceptions and their Avatars in International Law

Joost Pauwelyn: Defences and the Burden of Proof in International Law

Giovanni Battista Ratti and Andrea Dolcetti: Derogation and Defeasibility in International Law

Andre de Hoogh: Exceptions to Peremptory Rules, The Compelling Law of Jus Cogens and Exceptions to Peremptory Norms: To Derogate or Not to Derogate, That is the Question!

Iain Scobbie: Exceptions: self-defence as an exception to the prohibition on the use of force

Luis Duarte d'Almeida: Defences in the Law of State Responsibility: A View from Jurisprudence

Federica Paddeu: Clarifying the Concept of Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness (Justifications) in International Law

Antonios Tzanakopoulos and Eleni Methymaki: Freedom With Their Exception: Jurisdiction and Immunity as Rule and Exception

Valentin Jeutner: Both the Rule and the Exception: The Concept of a Legal Dilemma and the Survival of the State

Ulf Linderfalk: Good Faith and the Exercise of Treaty-Based Discretionary Powers

Robert Kolb: The Construction of the Rebus Sic Stantibus Clause in Different Phases of International Law - Exception, Rule or Remote Spectator?

Malgosia Fitzmaurice: The Angst of the Exceptio Inadimplenti non est Adimplendum in International Law

Kimberley Trapp: Human Rights Exceptions

James Harrison: Exceptions in Multilateral Environmental Agreements

Kai Ambos: Defences in International Criminal Law - Exceptions in International Law?

Caroline Henckels: Scope Limitation or Affirmative Defence? The Purpose and Role of Investment Treaty Exception Clauses

Oisin Suttle: Reasons, Institutions, Authorities: Three Models of Exceptions in WTO Law