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Among those interested in drying are chemical engineers, energy specialists, and mechanical engineers. This book assists the process development engineer, the process engineer, and the plant engineer in selecting drying equipment. It discusses the criteria to be observed, the gathering of results of relevant laboratory measurements, the carrying out of small scale tests (the results of which can be scaled up), and procedures for sizing equipment. Written by an author with over four decades in the process industries, this book brings an extensively practical approach for the engineer.

Drying in the Process Industry: Equipment Selection and Application

Preface ix1 Introduction 12 Drying as Part of the Overall Process 92.1 Residual Moisture / 92.2 Optimization of the Dewatering Step / 102.3 Process Changes to Simplify Drying / 102.4 Combination of Drying and Other Process Steps / 122.5 Nonthermal Drying / 152.6 Process Changes to Avoid Drying / 172.7 No Drying / 193 Procedures for Choosing a Dryer 213.1 Selection Schemes / 213.2 Processing Liquids, Slurries, and Pastes / 313.3 Special Drying Techniques / 333.4 Some Additional Comments / 343.5 Testing on Small-Scale Dryers / 373.6 Examples of Dryer Selection / 384 Convective Drying 414.1 Common Aspects of Continuous Convective Dryers / 424.2 Saturated Water Vapor Pressure / 434.3 Wet-Bulb Temperature / 444.4 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature / 464.5 Humidity Chart / 474.6 Water-Material Interactions / 494.7 Drying with an Auxiliary Material / 524.8 Gas Velocities / 544.9 Heat Losses / 554.10 Electrical Energy Consumption / 574.11 Miscellaneous Aspects / 594.12 Material Balance (kg·h-1) / 614.13 Heat Balance (kJ·h-1) / 614.14 Specific Heat of Solids / 634.15 Gas Flows and Fan Power / 644.16 Direct Heating of Drying Air / 655 Continuous Fluid-Bed Drying 675.1 General Description / 675.2 Fluidization Theory / 705.3 Drying Theory for Rectangular Dryers / 765.4 Removal of Bound Moisture from a Product in a Rectangular Dryer / 885.5 Circular Fluid-Bed Dryers / 906 Continuous Direct-Heat Rotary Drying 996.1 General Description / 996.2 Design Methods / 1037 Flash Drying 1177.1 General Description / 1177.2 Design Methods / 1207.3 Drying in Seconds / 1227.4 Application of the Design Methods / 1268 Spray Drying 1338.1 General Description / 1338.2 Single-Fluid Nozzle / 1388.3 Rotary Atomizer / 1438.4 Pneumatic Nozzle / 1458.5 Product Quality / 1498.6 Heat of Crystallization / 1538.7 Product Recovery / 1548.8 Product Transportation / 1548.9 Design Methods / 1559 Miscellaneous Continuous Convective Dryers and Convective Batch Dryers 1639.1 Conveyor Dryers / 1649.2 Wyssmont Turbo-Dryer / 1699.3 Nara Media Slurry Dryer / 1709.4 Anhydro Spin Flash Dryer / 1729.5 Hazemag Rapid Dryer / 1749.6 Combined Milling and Drying System / 1769.7 Batch Fluid-Bed Dryer / 1789.8 Atmospheric Tray Dryer / 1829.9 Centrifuge-Dryer / 18410 Atmospheric Contact Dryers 18910.1 Plate Dryers / 18910.2 Mildly Agitated Contact Dryers (Paddle Dryers) / 19310.3 Vigorously Agitated Contact Dryers / 19810.4 Vertical Thin-Film Dryers / 20210.5 Drum Dryers / 20410.6 Steam-Tube Dryers / 20810.7 Spiral Conveyor Dryers / 21210.8 Agitated Atmospheric Batch Dryers / 21311 Vacuum Drying 21711.1 Vacuum Drying / 21911.2 Freeze-Drying / 23211.3 Vacuum Pumps / 24212 Steam Drying 25112.1 Sugar Beet Pulp Dryer / 25212.2 GEA Exergy Barr-Rosin Dryer / 25512.3 Advantages of Continuous Steam Drying / 25712.4 Disadvantages of Continuous Steam Drying / 25712.5 Additional Remarks Concerning Continuous Steam Drying / 25812.6 Eirich Evactherm Dryer / 25813 Radiation Drying 26313.1 Dielectric Drying / 26413.2 Infrared Drying / 27814 Product Quality and Safeguarding Drying 28914.1 Product Quality / 28914.2 Safeguarding Drying / 29115 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods, Dryer Process Control, and Energy Recovery 31315.1 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods for Solids / 31315.2 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods for Gases / 32115.3 Dryer Process Control / 32715.4 Energy Recovery / 33516 Gas-Solid Separation Methods 33916.1 Cyclones / 34016.2 Fabric Filters / 34316.3 Scrubbers / 34616.4 Electrostatic Precipitators / 34917 Dryer Feeding Equipment 35717.1 Fluid-Bed Dryers / 35817.2 Direct-Heat Rotary Dryers / 36017.3 Flash Dryers / 36017.4 Spray Dryers / 36117.5 Conveyor Dryers / 36117.6 Hazemag Rapid Dryer / 36317.7 Anhydro Spin Flash Dryer / 36517.8 Plate Dryers / 36517.9 Vigorously Agitated Contact Dryers / 36517.10 Vertical Thin-Film and Drum Dryers / 365Notation 369Index 377