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Designed to encourage critical thinking about history, the MAJOR PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN HISTORY series introduces readers to both primary sources and analytical essays on important topics in American history. The collection of essays and documents in MAJOR PROBLEMS IN NORTH AMERICAN BORDERLANDS surveys the North American past from the point of view of its borderlands. The essays and documents discuss people and events readers may find familiar, such as the founding of early European colonies, U.S. independence, the War of 1812, the U.S.-Mexican War, and Prohibition, but less widely-known events and actors--expanding native peoples, the Bourbon reforms of the Spanish Empire, fleeing slaves and servants, border surveyors, the Mexican Revolution, and key U.S. immigration legislation--also take center stage. In one sense this volume is clearly a work of U.S. history, but it is also Canadian and Mexican and native history with an overriding theme that we must take into account the meetings of different peoples and nations if we are to understand our past and present. This text presents a carefully selected group of readings organized to allow readers to evaluate primary sources, test the interpretations of distinguished historians, and draw their own conclusions. Each chapter includes introductions, source notes, and suggested readings.

Major Problems in the History of North American Borderlands: Documents and Essays

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS BORDERLANDS HISTORY?.ESSAYS.Michiel Baud and Willem Van Schendel , A Comparative Approach to Borderlands"; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron , "From Borderlands to Borders"; Andrew Graybill and Benjamin Johnson , "Telling North American Border Histories."CHAPTER 2: EARLY BORDERLANDS: THE SOUTHWEST.DOCUMENTS.1. Gines de Herrera Horta Testifies on Spanish Treatment of Pueblo Indians, 1601 2. Pedro Naranjo (Keresan Pueblo) Explains the Pueblo Revolt, 1681 3. Bishop Benito Crespo Is Confounded by New Mexico, 1730 4. Father Francisco Casanas de Jesus Maria on How to Win the Allegiance of the Caddo Indians, 1691 5. Philibert Ory Urges Louisiana to Open Trade with Spaniards in Natchitoches, 1730 6. Captain Pierre Marie Francois de Pages Reports on Texas, 1767.ESSAYS.Dedra S. MacDonald, "Indians and Africans Collaborate in Colonial New Mexico"; Juliana Barr, "Captivity, Gender, and Social Control in the Texas-Louisiana Borderlands."CHAPTER 3: MIDDLE GROUNDS, BORDERLANDS, AND FRONTIERS.DOCUMENTS.1. John Smith on the Powhatan Confederacy, 1624 2. Chief Powhatan Addresses John Smith, 1609 3. Father Jean de Brebeuf Instructs Jesuit Missionaries, 1637 4. Mary Jemison Looks Back on Her Capture by and Life Among Indians, 1824 5. The South Carolina Legislature Passes an Act for the Capture ofRunaway Slaves, 1700 6. William Stephens Assesses the Prospects of Slavery in Georgia, 1742 7. Pierre Le Moyne dfIberville Addresses Chickasaw and Choctaw Leaders, 1702 8. Governor Etienne de Perier Considers the Use of Black Slave Troops against Indians, 1730 9. Governor Etienne de Perier Appraises French-English-Chickasaw Relations, 1730.ESSAYS.James H. Merrell , "Indian-English Frontiers of Cooperation and Conquest"; Kathleen Duval , "French Louisiana in the Native Ground."CHAPTER 4: BORDERLANDS, CULTURAL EXCHANGES, AND NEW NATIVE SOCIETIES.DOCUMENTS.1. Maheo, All-Father Creator, Warns the Cheyennes about Life with Horses 2. Saukamappee (Cree) Recalls the Arrival of Horses, Guns, and Smallpox to the Northern Plains, 1787 3. The Marques de Rubi Recommends the Extermination of the Apaches, 1768 4. Charles McKenzie Describes Horse and Gun Trade on the Northern Plains, 1805 5. Rudolph Friedrich Kurz on Gifts, Intermarriage, and the Fur Trade 6. Francis Chardon Records Relations between Fur Traders and Native Women and a Smallpox Epidemic in the Upper Missouri River, 1836 - 1839.ESSAYS.Sylvia Van Kirk, "Intermarriage, Borderlands, and Power"; Pekka Hamalainen, "Ecological Change and Indigenous Imperialism in the Southwest Borderlands."CHAPTER 5: BORDERLANDS IN CHANGE: THE VIEW FROM ABOVE.DOCUMENTS.1. Theodore de Croix Compares California to Older Spanish Colonies, 1781 2. Governor Alejandro O'fReilly Evaluates Louisiana's Position in Spain's Colonial Economy, 1769 3. Bernardo de Galvez Outlines How to Achieve Peace by Deceit 1786 4. Pontiac Urges Ottawas, Potawatomis, and Hurons to Rise Up Against the British, 1763 5. Governor William Tryon Assesses the Potential of NorthCarolina Backcountry, 1765 6. George Washington Denounces the Royal Proclamation Line, 1767.ESSAYS.David J. Weber, "New Spain and Its Borderlands"; Francois Furstenberg, "Anglo-America and Its Borderlands."CHAPTER 6: BORDERLANDS IN CHANGE: THE VIEW FROM BELOW.DOCUMENTS.1. Athanese de Mezieres Courts and Coerces Wichita Chiefs, 1770 2. John Sibley and a Comanche Chief Try to Impress One Another, 1807 3. Fernando de la Concha Laments the Corrupting Influence of Indians in the New Mexico Borderlands, 1794 4. Pedro Bautista Pino Assesses the Condition of New Mexico,1812 5. Joseph Holt Ingraham Observes Indians and Slaves in Natchez, 1835 6. The Dohasan Calendar, 1832 - 1892 7. The First Census of Los Angeles, 1781.ESSAYS.Daniel H. Usner, Jr., "The Frontier Exchange Economy of the Lower Mississippi Valley"; Steven W. Hackel, "Surviving Mission Life in Alta California."CHAPTER 7: THE MEXICAN NORTH.DOCUMENTS.1. Jose Maria Sanchez Criticizes Tejanos and Anglo-American Immigrants in Texas, 1828 2. Tejano Leaders Give Their Opinion of Anglo-American Immigrants, 1832 3. Donaciano Vigil Mourns the Changing Relationships among New Mexicans, Anglo Americans, and Indians, 1846 4. Albino Chacon Describes Navajo Raiding and Mounting Discontent in New Mexico, 1837 5. New Mexico's Chimayo Rebels Denounce Mexico City's Plan for National Reform, 1837 6. Manuel Armijo Reports on the Suppression of the Chimayo Rebellion, 1837 7. Juan Bandini Envisions an International Future for California, 1830.ESSAYS.Andres Resendez, "Markets, Persuasion, and Identity in the Southwest Borderlands"; Albert L. Hurtado, "Sex, Marriage, and Power in Mexican California."CHAPTER 8: ANGLO-AMERICAN TAKEOVER OF THE SOUTHWEST BORDERLANDS.DOCUMENTS.1. Texan Rebels Declare Independence, 1836 2. Stephen F. Austinfs Map of Empresario Land Grants in Texas, 1835 3. Rufus Sage Condemns the Inhabitants of New Mexico, 1846 4. Thomas Catesby Jones Announces United States Takeover of California, 1842 5. Abraham Lincoln Condemns the War with Mexico, 1848 6. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 7. Antonio Maria Pico and Others Criticize California's Land Policy, 1859.ESSAYS.Gregg Cantrell, "Stephen F. Austin, Empresario and Borderlander"; Brian Delay, "How Indians Shaped the Era of the U.S.-Mexican War."CHAPTER 9: NEGOTIATING NATIONAL BORDERS.DOCUMENTS.1. Escaped Slave Describes Appeal of Canada, 1847 2. Frederick Law Olmsted on Slaves Escaping to Mexico, 1857 3. Mexican Government Complains of Laborers' Flight to the United States, 1873 4. U.S. Government Seeks Release from Treaty Obligation to Control Indian Raids into Mexico, 1851 5. Sitting Bull Crosses into Canada to Elude U.S. Authorities, 1877 6. General Crook Describes Difficulty of Capturing Geronimo, 1883 7. Juan Cortina Condemns Anglo Americans for Land Theft, 1859 8. Metis Defy Canadian Rule, 1869.ESSAYS.Sean Kelley, "Slavery and the Texas-Mexico Border, 1810 - 1860"; Gerhard J. Ens, "The Border, the Buffalo, and the Metis of Montana"; Samuel Truett, "Passages into the Sonora-Arizona Borderlands."CHAPTER 10: PACIFIC TIES.DOCUMENTS.1. The United States Government Passes Chinese Exclusion, 1882 2. Sonora Legislative Bans Mexican Chinese Marriage, 1923 3. British Columbia Labor Leader Warns of Dangers of Asian Migration, 1907 4. Journalist Julian Ralph Describes Human Smuggling in the Pacific Northwest, 1891 5. Clifford Perkins Describes Work as Chinese Inspector's in Arizona, 1978 6. Frederick Remington Depicts Suffering of Chinese Migrant, 1891 7. Cartoonist Points to Chinese use of Canadian and Mexican Borders to Enter the United States, 1880.ESSAYS.Patrick Ettinger, "The Limits of Early U.S. Border Enforcement"; Erika Lee, "The Impact of Exclusion on the Chinese in America."CHAPTER 11: THE MEXIAN REVOLUTION.DOCUMENTS.1. Samuel Bryan Analyzes Increases in Mexican Immigration,1912 2. Flores de Andrade Recalls Her Revolutionary Activity as an Immigrant in El Paso, Texas, 1931 3. Mexican Migrant Describes Working Life in the United States, 1927 4. South Texas Rebels Issue Manifesto, The Plan of San Diego, 1915 5. President Woodrow Wilson Sends U.S. Army into Mexico, 1916 6. Sheriff Justifies Deporting Striking Miners from Arizona Town, 1917 7. U.S. Congress Imposes Restrictions on Migration, 1917 8. Mexican Migrants Protest Gasoline Baths, 1917.ESSAYS.Friedrich Katz, "Mexico's Northern Border and the Coming of the Revolution"; Benjamin Johnson, "The Mexican Revolution and the Birth of the Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement."CHAPTER 12: VICA 428.DOCUMENTS.1. El Paso Reporter Recalls Lure of Juarez in 1920s, 1968 2. American Journalist Satirizes American Tourists in Juarez, 1925 3. Columnist C. D. Smith Lampoons American Tourists in Search of Drink in Canada, 1925 4. Ballad Praises Liquor Smugglers, 1920s 5. Contrabando y tracion Marks Popularity of Narcocorrido, 1972 6. Writer Tom Miller Describes Smuggling Electronics into Mexico to Avoid Duties, 1981 7. Former Smuggler Don Henry Ford Jr. Describes Why Border Community Drawn to Smuggling Marijuana, 2005.ESSAYS.Stephen T. Moore, "Canadians, Americans, and the Multiple Meanings of Border during Prohibition"; Gabriela Recio, "U.S. Prohibition and the Drug Trade in Mexico."CHAPTER 13: MIGRATION, RACE, AND BORDER ENFORCEMENT.DOCUMENTS.1. U.S. Congressman John Box Warns of Dangers of Mexican Migration, 1928 2. Border Patrol Agent Clifford Perkins Recalls Early Challenges of the Organization, 1978 3. Philip Stevenson Describes the Deportation of Jesus Pallares, 1936 4. Report Examines Migrant Labor in South Texas, 1951 5. Bracero and Migrant Manuel Padilla Remembers Working Life in Borderlands, 1974 6. President Lyndon Johnson Signs New Immigration Law, 1965 7. Leslie Marmon Silko Condemns Border Enforcement from a Native American Perspective, 1994.ESSAYS.Mae Ngai, "Deportation Policy and the Making and Unmaking of Illegal Aliens"; Kelly Lytle Hernandez, "The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 - 1954."CHAPTER 14: ECONOMIC INTETRATION AND MASS MIGRATION, 1994 - PRESENT.DOCUMENTS.1. U.S. President Bill Clinton Praises Free Trade Agreement, 1993 2. Environmental Groups Warn of Damage from NAFTA, 1993 3. Mexican President Defends Migrants 4. Minuteman Defense Corps Calls for Vigilante Border Enforcement, 2005 5. Reporter Questions Television Anchor's Anti-ImmigrationCrusade, 2007 6. Tribal Government Condemns Border Wall, 2008 7. Author Describes Death of Migrants in Arizona Desert, 2004. 8. Journalist Reports on Killing of Women Maquiladora Workersin Juarez, 1997 9. Newspaper Describes Increasing Violence of Drug Trade, 2010.ESSAYS.Daniel Drache, "Canada.U.S. Relations and the Impermeable Border Post 9/11: The Co-Management of North America"; David Fitzgerald, "The Stranger or the Prodigal Son?.""