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Provides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts behind the application and designs of medical instrumentation


This premiere reference on medical instrumentation describes the principles, applications, and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. It places great emphasis on design principles so that scientists with limited background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. The revised edition includes new material on microcontroller-based medical instrumentation with relevant code, device design with circuit simulations and implementations, dry electrodes for electrocardiography, sleep apnea monitor, Infusion pump system, medical imaging techniques and electrical safety. Each chapter includes new problems and updated reference material that covers the latest medical technologies.


Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition covers general concepts that are applicable to all instrumentation systems, including the static and dynamic characteristics of a system, the engineering design process, the commercial development and regulatory classifications, and the electrical safety, protection, codes and standards for medical devices. The readers learn about the principles behind various sensor mechanisms, the necessary amplifier and filter designs for analog signal processing, and the digital data acquisition, processing, storage and display using microcontrollers. The measurements of both cardiovascular dynamics and respiratory dynamics are discussed, as is the developing field of biosensors. The book also covers general concepts of clinical laboratory instrumentation, medical imaging, various therapeutic and prosthetic devices, and more.





Emphasizes design throughout so scientists and engineers can create medical instruments

Updates the coverage of modern sensor signal processing

New material added to the chapter on modern microcontroller use

Features revised chapters, descriptions, and references throughout

Includes many new worked out examples and supports student problem-solving

Offers updated, new, and expanded materials on a companion webpage

Supplemented with a solutions manual containing complete solutions to all problems



Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition is an excellent book for a senior to graduate-level course in biomedical engineering and will benefit other health professionals involved with the topic.

Medical Instrumentation - Application and Design, Fifth Edition

Acknowledgments xiii





Preface xv





List of Symbols xviii





1 Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation 1

Walter H. Olson and John G. Webster





1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices 2





1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System 3





1.3 Alternative Operational Modes 5





1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints 7





1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments 10





1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs 10





1.7 Compensation Techniques 12





1.8 Biostatistics 14





1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics 18





1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics 26





1.11 Amplifiers and Signal Processing 40





1.12 Inverting Amplifiers 42





1.13 Noninverting Amplifiers 45





1.14 Differential Amplifiers 47





1.15 Comparators 53





1.16 Rectifiers 55





1.17 Logarithmic Amplifiers 60





1.18 Integrators 61





1.19 Differentiators 62





1.20 Active Filters 64





1.21 Frequency Response 68





1.22 Offset Voltage 71





1.23 Bias Current 73





1.24 Input and Output Resistance 75





1.25 Design Criteria 77





1.26 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process 77





1.27 Regulation of Medical Devices 80





Problems 85





References 89





2 Basic Sensors and Principles 91

Robert A. Peura and John G. Webster





2.1 Displacement Measurements 91





2.2 Resistive Sensors 92





2.3 Bridge Circuits 102





2.4 Inductive Sensors 104





2.5 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators 107





2.6 Capacitive Sensors 110





2.7 Piezoelectric Sensors 113





2.8 Accelerometer 119





2.9 Temperature Measurements 119





2.10 Thermocouples 120





2.11 Thermistors 123





2.12 Radiation Thermometry 128





2.13 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors 133





2.14 Optical Measurements 133





2.15 Radiation Sources 135





2.16 Geometrical and Fiber Optics 140





2.17 Optical Filters 143





2.18 Radiation Sensors 144





2.19 Optical Combinations 148





Problems 148





References 150





3 Microcontrollers in Medical Instrumentation 153

Amit J. Nimunkar





3.1 Basics of Microcontroller 153





3.2 Embedded Medical System 154





3.3 ECG-Based Embedded Medical System Example 156





3.4 Selection of a Microcontroller 161





3.5 IoT-Based Medical Devices 188





Problems 191





References 193





4 The Origin of Biopotentials 196

John W. Clark, Jr.





4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells 197





4.2 Volume Conductor Fields 206





4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System 209





4.4 The Electroneurogram 211





4.5 The Electromyogram 216





4.6 The Electrocardiogram 219





4.7 The Electroretinogram 232





4.8 The Electroencephalogram 238





4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram 259





Problems 260





References 264





5 Biopotential Electrodes 267

Michael R. Neuman





5.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface 268





5.2 Polarization 271





5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes 275





5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models 282





5.5 The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact 285





5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes 289





5.7 Internal Electrodes 302





5.8 Electrode Arrays 309





5.9 Microelectrodes 311





5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue 320





5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes 323





Problems 325





References 329





6 Biopotential Amplifiers 333

Michael R. Neuman





6.1 Basic Requirements 333





6.2 The Electrocardiograph 335





6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered 348





6.4 Transient Protection 358





6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits 361





6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals 365





6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier 370





6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors 372





6.9 Cardiac Monitors 381





6.10 Biotelemetry 389





Problems 391





References 394





7 Blood Pressure and Sound 396

Robert A. Peura





7.1 Direct Measurements 399





7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood Pressure Waveforms 403





7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems 405





7.4 Measurement of System Response 414





7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response 418





7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure 419





7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion 420





7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure 422





7.9 Heart Sounds 422





7.10 Phonocardiography 428





7.11 Cardiac Catheterization 428





7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements 433





7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure 435





7.14 Tonometry 442





Problems 448





References 450





8 Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood 452

John G. Webster





8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Continuous Infusion 453





8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Rapid Injection 455





8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 459





8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 467





8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors 481





8.6 Chamber Plethysmography 484





8.7 Electrical-Impedance Plethysmography 486





8.8 Photoplethysmography 493





Problems 495





References 497





9 Measurements of the Respiratory System 499

Frank P. Primiano, Jr.





9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System 501





9.2 Measurement of Pressure 508





9.3 Measurement of Gas Flow 511





9.4 Lung Volume 520





9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography 528





9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics 535





9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration 548





9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport 560





Problems 568





References 571





10 Chemical Biosensors 574

Robert A. Peura





10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology 576





10.2 Electrochemical Sensors 580





10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors 589





10.4 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) 606





10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET) 609





10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring 610





10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors 620





10.8 Electronic Noses 630





10.9 Lab-on-a-chip 631





10.10 Summary 632





Problems 633





References 633





11 Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation 637

Lawrence A. Wheeler





11.1 Spectrophotometry 638





11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers 649





11.3 Chromatology 653





11.4 Electrophoresis 656





11.5 Hematology 659





Problems 671





References 671





12 Medical Imaging Systems 673

Melvin P. Siedband





12.1 Information Content of an Image 674





12.2 Modulation Transfer Function 678





12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth 680





12.4 Image Processing 681





12.5 Radiography 682





12.6 Computed Radiography 690





12.7 Computed Tomography 697





12.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 707





12.9 Nuclear Medicine 714





12.10 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography 722





12.11 Positron Emission Tomography 723





12.12 Ultrasonography 728





12.13 Contrast Agents 740





Problems 742





References 744





13 Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices 746

Michael R. Neuman





13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators 746





13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters 764





13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices 771





13.4 Hemodialysis 775





13.5 Lithotripsy 778





13.6 Ventilators 780





13.7 Infant Incubators 784





13.8 Drug Delivery Devices 786





13.9 Surgical Instruments 793





13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser 797





Problems 798





References 800





14 Electrical Safety 803

Walter H. Olson





14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity 804





14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters 807





14.3 Distribution of Electric Power 813





14.4 Macroshock Hazards 818





14.5 Microshock Hazards 822





14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards 827





14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock 829





14.8 Protection: Power Distribution 830





14.9 Protection: Equipment Design 833





14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers 838





14.11 Testing the Electric System 838





14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances 840





14.13 Conclusion 843





Problems 844





References 846





Appendix 848





A.1 Physical Constants 848





A.2 International System of Units (SI) Prefixes 848





A.3 International System of Units 849





A.4 Abbreviations 850





A.5 Chemical Elements 853





Index 855