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AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS
 
The new eighth edition of An Introduction to Sociolinguistics brings this valuable, bestselling textbook up to date with the latest in sociolinguistic research and pedagogy, providing a broad overview of the study of language in social context with accessible coverage of major concepts, theories, methods, issues, and debates within the field. This leading text helps students develop a critical perspective on language in society as they explore the complex connections between societal norms and language use. The eighth edition contains new and updated coverage of such topics as the societal aspects of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), multilingual societies and discourse, gender and sexuality, ideologies and language attitudes, and the social meanings of linguistic forms.
 
Organized in four sections, this text first covers traditional language issues such as the distinction between languages and dialects, identification of regional and social variation within languages, and the role of context in language use and interpretation. Subsequent chapters cover approaches to research in sociolinguistics--variationist sociolinguistics, ethnography, and discourse analytic research--and address both macro- and micro-sociolinguistic aspects of multilingualism in national, transnational, global, and digital contexts. The concluding section of the text looks at language in relation to gender and sexuality, education, and language planning and policy issues. Featuring examples from a variety of languages and cultures that illustrate topics such as social and regional dialects, multilingualism, and the linguistic construction of identity, this text provides perspectives on both new and foundational research in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology.
 
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Eighth Edition, remains the ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate course in sociolinguistics, language and society, linguistic anthropology, applied and theoretical linguistics, and education. The new edition has also been updated to support classroom application with a range of effective pedagogical tools, including end-of-chapter written exercises and an instructor website, as well as materials to support further learning such as reading suggestions, research ideas, and an updated companion student website containing a searchable glossary, a review guide, additional exercises and examples, and links to online resources.

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

1 Introduction





Key Concepts





The Nature of Language





symbol - icon - index





Knowledge of Language





Competence and Performance





Variation: expand this to include more information about variables from chapter 6 7e





Speakers and Their Groups





Language and Culture





Directions of Influence





The Whorfian Hypothesis: recent discussion in linguistics: McWhorter book and reviews





Correlations





The interdisciplinary legacy of Sociolinguistics: brief synopsis of the intellectual traditions informing the study of language in society





Identities (brief intro)





Ideologies (brief intro: iconicity, recursiveness, erasure)





Overview of the Book





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





Part I Languages, Communities, and Context





2 Languages, Dialects, and Varieties





Key Concepts





Language or Dialect?





Mutual Intelligibility





The Role of Social Identity





Standardization





The Standard as an Abstraction





The Standardization Process





The Standard and Language Change





Standard English?





The Standard-Dialect Hierarchy





Regional Dialects





Dialect Continua





Dialect Geography





Everyone Has an Accent





Social Dialects





Kiezdeutsch 'Neighborhood German





Ethnic Dialects





African American Vernacular English





Features of AAVE





Development of AAVE





Indexicality, Intertextuality, Enregisterment, Entextualization: instead of focusing on the static concepts of style and register, this section will be revised to include more recent work in sociolinguistics about how particular forms are used to create social meaning; use example of memes





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





3 Defining Groups





Key Concepts





Speech Communities





Linguistic Boundaries





Shared Norms





Communities of Practice





Social Networks: expanded to include information from chapter 6, 7e





Social Identities (tactics of subjectivity)





Beliefs about Language and Social Groups





Ideologies





Language Attitudes: an introduction to this will be incorporated here, to be followed up in chapter 5





Perceptual Dialectology





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





4 Language in Context: Pragmatics





Key Concepts





Speech Acts





Performatives





Locutions, Illocutionary Acts, and Perlocutions





Implicature





Maxims





The Concept of Cooperation





Politeness





Face





Positive and Negative Politeness





Politeness World-Wide





Politeness and Indirectness





Pronouns





Tu and Vous: Power and Solidarity





Pronouns and Positioning





Naming and Titles





Fluidity and Change in Address Terms





Chinese Comrades





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





Part II: Theory and Methods





5 Language Variation and Change





Key concepts





The Linguistic Variable





Variants





Types of Linguistic Variables





Indicators, Markers and Stereotypes





Data Collection and Analysis in Variation Research





The Observer's Paradox





The Sociolinguistic Interview





Sampling





Apparent Time and Real Time





Correlations: Dependent and Independent Variables





Regional Variation





Mapping Dialects





Methods in Dialectology





Dialect Mixture and Free Variation





Second Dialect Acquisition





Social Variation





Age





Gender





Ethnicity





Social Class Membership





The First Wave of Variation Studies





The fourth floor





Early work on gender





The Second Wave of Variation Studies





Social networks





Gender





Jocks and burnout





The Third Wave of Variation Studies





Stance





Language Variation and Change





Some Changes in Progress





The Northern Cities Shift





Change Across Space: Urban Centers and Physical Barriers





Change Over Time Or Age-Grading?





Martha's Vineyard





Gender and Language Change





Language Change and the Linguistic Marketplace





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





6 Ethnographic Approaches to Sociolinguistics





Key Concepts





Ethnography of Communication





Communicative Competence





SPEAKING





Ethnography and Beyond





Ethnomethodology





Background Knowledge as Part of Communication





Commonsense Knowledge and Practical Reasoning





Garfinkel and His Students: Studies in Ethnomethodology





Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis





Linguistic Ethnography





Digital Ethnographies: Research in Online Communities





The role of Ethnography in Variationist Research





7 Discourse Analysis





Key Concepts





Conversation Analysis





Adjacency Pairs





Openings





Closings





Turn-Taking





Repair





Institutional Talk





Interactional Sociolinguistics





Data and Methodologies





Contextualization





Stance





Intercultural Communication





Corpus Linguistics





Databases





Methods





Findings





Critical Discourse Analysis





Contrasts and Critiques





Methodologies and Connections





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





Part III: Multilingual Matters





8 Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse





Key Concepts





Multilingualism as a Societal Phenomenon





Competencies and Convergence in Multilingual Societies





Language Ideologies Surrounding Multilingualism





Linguistic Landscapes - expanded to reflect the wealth of research on this topic in the last few years





Language Attitudes in Multilingual Settings





Diglossia





Domains





The Statuses of the H and L Languages





Extended Diglossia and Language Maintenance





Questioning Diglossia





Multilingual Discourse





A brief history of concepts and models; from Metaphors to Markedness





Multilingual Identities: Hybridity, Metrolingualism, Transnationalism and Appropriation





Variationist Research on Language Contact





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





9 Contact Languages: Structural Consequences of Social Factors





Key Concepts





Lingua Francas





Pidgin and Creole Languages: Definitions





Connections between P/C Languages and Second Language Acquisition





Pidgin and Creole Formation





Theories of Creole Genesis





Geographical Distribution





Linguistic Characteristics of P/C Languages





Phonology





Morphosyntax





Vocabulary





From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond





Creole Continuum?





Other Contact Varieties: Mixed Languages





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





10 Language and Nation and Beyond





Language and nation





National languages (links to language policy)





Language and national identities





Learning to be a citizen: language and naturalization





Colonialization and Post-Colonialism





Language and Immigration (links to chapter 5)





Language and integration





Transnationalism





Diversity and Superdiversity





Chronotopes





Globalization (links to section on English World Wide in chapter 13)





Glocalization





Language and the Digital World





Part IV: Sociolinguistics and Social Justice





11 Language, Gender and Sexuality





Key Concepts





Defining Terms: Gender, Sex Category, and Sexuality





Sexist Language





Grammatical Gender Marking





Language Change





Discourses of Gender and Sexuality





Some Common Discourses





Deficit, Dominance, Difference and Identities





Women's Language





Dominance





Difference





Gender and Sexuality Identities





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





12 Sociolinguistics and Education





Key Concepts





Social Dialects and Education





Restricted and Elaborated Codes





Difference Not Deficit





Role of the Home Dialect in Education





African American Vernacular English and Education





Applied Sociolinguistics





Multilingual Education





Ideologies





Use of Minority Languages in the Classroom





Elite and Immigrant Bilingualism





Education and World Wide English





Circles of English





Elite Closure





English in Europe





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





13 Language Policy and Planning





Key Concepts





Terminology, Concepts, and Development of the Field





Types of Language Planning





The Intellectual History of LPP





Data and Methods





LPP and Nationalization





LPP in Turkey: Orthography and Purity





LPP in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet Era: From Russification to Nationalization





Official Monolingualism in France





Multilingual Policy in Belgium





LPP in Post- and Neo-Colonial Contexts





Kenya





India





LPP in the United States and Canada





The United States of America





Canada





Multilingual Countries and LPP





Papua New Guinea





Singapore





Endangered Languages and the Spread of English





Endangered Languages





English World-Wide





Chapter Summary





Further Reading





Exercises





References





Glossary





Index