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Handbook of Microwave Component Measurements: with Advanced VNA Techniques

Handbook of Microwave Component Measurements: with Advanced VNA Techniques

Authors
Publisher Wiley & Sons
Year
Pages 636
Version hardback
Language English
ISBN 9781119979555
Categories Microwave technology
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Book description

This book provides state-of-the-art coverage for making measurements on RF and Microwave Components, both active and passive. A perfect reference for R&D and Test Engineers, with topics ranging from the best practices for basic measurements, to an in-depth analysis of errors, correction methods, and uncertainty analysis, this book provides everything you need to understand microwave measurements. With primary focus on active and passive measurements using a Vector Network Analyzer, these techniques and analysis are equally applicable to measurements made with Spectrum Analyzers or Noise Figure Analyzers.
The early chapters provide a theoretical basis for measurements complete with extensive definitions and descriptions of component characteristics and measurement parameters. The latter chapters give detailed examples for cases of cable, connector and filter measurements; low noise, high-gain and high power amplifier measurements, a wide range of mixer and frequency converter measurements, and a full examination of fixturing, de-embedding, balanced measurements and calibration techniques. The chapter on time-domain theory and measurements is the most complete treatment on the subject yet presented, with details of the underlying mathematics and new material on time domain gating. As the inventor of many of the methods presented, and with 30 years as a development engineer on the most modern measurement platforms, the author presents unique insights into the understanding of modern measurement theory.

Key Features:

Explains the interactions between the device-under-test (DUT) and the measuring equipment by demonstrating the best practices for ascertaining the true nature of the DUT, and optimizing the time to set up and measure
Offers a detailed explanation of algorithms and mathematics behind measurements and error correction
Provides numerous illustrations (e.g. block-diagrams for circuit connections and measurement setups) and practical examples on real-world devices, which can provide immediate benefit to the reader
Written by the principle developer and designer of many of the measurement methods described
This book will be an invaluable guide for RF and microwave R&D and test engineers, satellite test engineers, radar engineers, power amplifier designers, LNA designers, and mixer designers. University researchers and graduate students in microwave design and test will also find this book of interest.

Handbook of Microwave Component Measurements: with Advanced VNA Techniques

Table of contents

'Foreword xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

List of Acronyms xxi

1 Introduction to Microwave Measurements 1

1.1 Modern Measurement Process 2

1.2 A Practical Measurement Focus 3

1.3 Definition of Microwave Parameters 3

1.4 Power Parameters 13

1.5 Noise Figure and Noise Parameters 15

1.6 Distortion Parameters 18

1.7 Characteristics of Microwave Components 22

1.8 Passive Microwave Components 23

1.9 Filters 42

1.10 Directional Couplers 44

1.11 Circulators and Isolators 46

1.12 Antennas 47

1.13 PCB Components 48

1.14 Active Microwave Components 52

1.15 Measurement Instrumentation 57

References 64

2 VNA Measurement Systems 66

2.1 Introduction 66

2.2 VNA Block Diagrams 67

2.3 VNA Measurement of Linear Microwave Parameters 98

2.4 Measurements Derived from S-Parameters 108

2.5 Modeling Circuits Using Y and Z Conversion 117

2.6 Other Linear Parameters 118

References 123

3 Calibration and Vector Error Correction 124

3.1 Introduction 124

3.2 Basic Error Correction for S-Parameters: Cal Application 125

3.3 Determining Error Terms: Cal Acquisition for 12-Term Models 130

3.4 Determining Error Terms: Cal Acquisition for Eight-Term Models 144

3.5 Waveguide Calibrations 157

3.6 Calibration for Source Power 158

3.7 Calibration for Receiver Power 164

3.8 Devolved Calibrations 172

3.9 Determining Residual Errors 176

3.10 Computing Measurement Uncertainties 190

3.11 S21 or Transmission Uncertainty 192

3.12 Errors in Phase 196

3.13 Practical Calibration Limitations 197

References 210

4 Time Domain Transforms 211
4.1 Introduction 211

4.2 The Fourier Transform 212

4.3 The Discrete Fourier Transform 214

4.4 Fourier Transform (Analytic) vs VNA Time Domain Transform 216

4.5 Low-Pass and Band-Pass Transforms 224

4.6 Time Domain Gating 228

4.7 Examples of Time Domain Transforms of Various Networks 232

4.8 The Effects of Masking and Gating on Measurement Accuracy 234

4.9 Conclusions 241

References 242

5 Measuring Linear Passive Devices 243

5.1 Transmission Lines, Cables and Connectors 243

5.2 Filters and Filter Measurements 278

5.3 Multiport Devices 299

5.4 Resonators 307

5.5 Antenna Measurements 310

5.6 Conclusions 312

References 313

6 Measuring Amplifiers 314

6.1 Amplifiers as Linear Devices 314

6.2 Gain Compression Measurements 342

6.3 Measuring High-Gain Amplifiers 354

6.4 Measuring High-Power Amplifiers 359

6.5 Making Pulsed-RF Measurements 365

6.6 Distortion Measurements 374

6.7 Noise Figure Measurements 391

6.8 X-Parameters, Load Pull Measurements and Active Loads 408

6.9 Conclusions on Amplifier Measurements 416

References 417

7 Mixer and Frequency Converter Measurements 418

7.1 Mixer Characteristics 418

7.2 Mixers vs Frequency Converters 427

7.3 Mixers as a 12-Port Device 430

7.4 Mixer Measurements: Frequency Response 434

7.5 Calibration for Mixer Measurements 455

7.6 Mixers Measurements vs Drive Power 472

7.7 TOI and Mixers 480

7.8 Noise Figure in Mixers and Converters 486

7.9 Special Cases 494

7.10 Conclusions on Mixer Measurements 504

References 505

8 VNA Balanced Measurements 506

8.1 Four-Port Differential and Balanced S-Parameters 506

8.2 Three-Port Balanced Devices 511

8.3 Measurement Examples for Mixed Mode Devices 512

8.4 True Mode VNA for Non-Linear Testing 523

8.5 Differential Testing Using Baluns, Hybrids and Transformers 533

8.6 Distortion Measurements of Differential Devices 539

8.7 Noise Figure Measurements on Differential Devices 544

8.8 Conclusions on Differential Device Measurement 550

References 550

9 Advanced Measurement Techniques 552

9.1 Creating Your Own Cal Kits 552

9.2 Fixturing and De-embedding 569

9.3 Determining S-Parameters for Fixtures 572

9.4 Automatic Port Extensions 578

9.5 AFR: Fixture Removal Using Time Domain 583

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