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Much of the material in this book represents a departure from that presented earlier in the series. Volumes 1 and 2 presented almost exclusively reviews by American authors of American work. As science is international, it is rare that in two different parts of the world large groups of researchers in the same field remain relatively uninformed about each other's work. However, during the time since the initiation of this series, a large body of research has grown up in Russia that is almost unknown outside, as the original reports are largely untranslated. For this reason, an extensive review is presented here of the entire field of Russian applications of lasers in medicine and biology. Although the author, Dr. Gamaleya, has not worked directly with many of the applications, he has a general background in laser usage and has received much help from his colleagues in assembling the material. His review is restricted to Russian research. This does not mean that he is unaware of Western advances, rather that he has restricted his material to the parts that are peculiarly Russian or are significant confir mations of earlier work. Some of the Russian developments are quite novel and will certainly suggest to the careful reader new interpretations of old data, and possibly even new lines of research. The mechanisms proposed for the interaction of the high-intensity monochromatic light from lasers with biological material continue to grow in complexity.

Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology: Volume 3

1 Laser Biomedical Research in the USSR.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Action of Laser Radiation on the Cell and Its Components.- 2.1. Macrobeam Investigations.- 2.2. Microbeam Investigations.- 3. Action of Laser Radiation on Tissues and Organs.- 3.1. Injury to the Eyes.- 3.2. Injury to the Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue.- 3.3. Injury to the Organs of the Abdomen and Pelvis Minor.- 3.4. Action on the Lungs and Heart.- 3.5. Action on the Nervous System.- 3.6. Action on the Bones.- 3.7. Action on the Teeth and Soft Tissues of the Mouth.- 3.8. Action on the Concha Auriculae, Larynx, and Trachea.- 3.9. Changes in the Blood.- 3.10. Action on Tumors.- 4. Clinical Aspects of Laser Research.- 4.1. Use of Lasers to Coagulate the Tissues of a Pathological Focus.- 4.2. The Laser Beam as a "Light Knife" for Surgical Operations.- 4.3. Laser Biostimulation.- 4.4. Laser Ophthalmology.- 5. Mechanism of the Biological Action of Laser Radiation.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Laser Pulses and the Generation of Acoustic Transients in Biological Material.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of Acoustic Transient Production.- 2.1. Vaporization.- 2.2. Acoustic Transients.- 2.3. Efficiency of Acoustic Transient Production.- 2.4. Propagation Phenomena.- 2.5. Nonlinear Propagation.- 3. Experimental Studies.- 3.1. Measurement Techniques.- 3.2. Experimental Results in Model Systems.- 4. Biological Effects of Laser-Induced Pressure Transients.- 4.1. Tissue and Organ Effects.- 4.2. Retinal Effects.- 4.3. Effects on Viruses.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Holography in Dentistry.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Hologram Interferometry.- 1.2. The Three-Dimensional Image-Registration and Reconstruction.- 1.3. Recording Materials.- 2. Hologram Interferometry Methods.- 2.1. Contouring.- 2.2. Displacement Measurements.- 2.3. Vibration Measurements-Time-Average Holography.- 2.4. A Brief Mathematical Description of the Holographic Principle.- 2.5. Interpretation and Evaluation of the Hologram.- 3. Hologram Interferometry in a Laboratory Installation Utilizing a CW Laser.- 3.1. Theory of Operation of a He-Ne Laser.- 3.2. Technical Data.- 3.3. Investigations of Dental Materials.- 3.4. Investigations of Prosthodontic Appliances.- 3.5. Combination of Two Laser Techniques for Measuring Purposes.- 3.6. Investigations of Dental Implants.- 3.7. Investigations of Human Hard Tissues.- 4. Hologram Interferometry In Vivo Utilizing a Pulsed Laser System.- 4.1. Dynamics of Human Teeth in Function.- 4.2. Development of Methods.- 4.3. Simulator Tests.- 4.4. Clinical Experiments.- 5. Clinical Applications.- 5.1. Some Aspects of the Experimental Conditions In Vivo.- 5.2. Considerations of Hologram Evaluation and Interpretation.- 5.3. Errors of the Method.- 6. General Considerations.- 6.1. Speculations for the Future.- 6.2. Limitations of Present Methods.- References.- 4 Otological Applications of Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Advantages of Lasers for Otological Microsurgery.- 1.2. Instrumentation Requirements for Otological Microsurgery.- 1.3. Laser Microsurgery Accidents.- 2. Structure and Function of the Ear.- 2.1. External Ear.- 2.2. Middle Ear.- 2.3. Inner Ear.- 3. Ablative and Surgical Applications of Lasers.- 3.1. Depth Targets.- 3.2. Surface Targets.- 4. Analytical Applications of Lasers.- 4.1. Displacement Measurements.- 4.2. Laser Microprobe.- 5. The Future of Experimental Laser Microsurgery of the Ear.- 5.1. Experimental Laser Myringotomy.- 5.2. Experimental Laser Surgery of the Middle Ear.- 6. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Author Index.