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Self-determination theory (SDT) provides a framework for understanding the factors that promote motivation and healthy psychological and behavioral functioning. In this authoritative work, the codevelopers of the theory comprehensively examine SDT's conceptual underpinnings (including its six mini-theories), empirical evidence base, and practical applications across the lifespan. The volume synthesizes a vast body of research on how supporting--or thwarting--people's basic needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy affects their development and well-being. Chapters cover implications for practice and policy in education, health care, psychotherapy, sport, and the workplace. "This valuable volume presents a synthesis of four decades of systematic work within one of the most comprehensive, profound research programs on human motivation in the history of psychology. It is a true milestone in motivational research, as rich in conceptual insights as it is in exciting findings. The book offers a formidable set of answers as to why people do what they do, and with what consequences. An assured and instant classic!"--Arie W. Kruglanski, PhD, Distinguished University Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park


"This book is a tour-de-force exposition of the motivational nutrients needed for optimal human growth and well-being. It is global in scope, while also replete with applications to specific contexts. SDT and its mini-theories are characterized by astonishing scholarly vitality and depth of thought, combined with unrivaled relevance for everyday life at all levels of society. Taken as a whole, the advances summarized in this volume have transformed what we know about human behavior and development."--Carol D. Ryff, PhD, Hilldale Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison


"Ryan and Deci have produced a treasure for those who want to understand the basis of human motivation and learn how to improve societies. What a resource! The book carefully explains SDT and the research supporting it, including the role of universal needs, intrinsic motivation, and growth. Importantly, the volume addresses how we can use SDT to improve schools, health care, family life, psychotherapy, work, sports--nearly every aspect of social life. It is no wonder that the SDT movement is spreading around the globe."--Ed Diener, PhD, Professor of Psychology, University of Virginia and University of Utah


"A masterful, comprehensive explication of the tenets of SDT. The authors demonstrate a keen sense of history and respect for their intellectual ancestors, stepping only lightly on a few theoretical toes. The theoretical claims that comprise SDT are coherently documented by a plethora of well-crafted and ingenious laboratory and real-world research studies. A major contribution is the compelling practical application of the theory to numerous life domains, including classroom teaching, the workplace, psychotherapy, and others. There is great wisdom in these applications. The breadth of topics will make this volume attractive to researchers, clinicians, educators, and sports and organizational psychologists."--Susan Harter, PhD, John Evans Professor of Psychology (Emerita), University of Denver


"Ryan and Deci are among the most brilliant psychologists of our time, and SDT has been one of the most influential theories in the field of motivation for the past 30 years. In this book, Ryan and Deci provide an in-depth review of research on SDT, which provides overwhelming support for their theory in a number of contexts, activities, and cultures. This book is a 'must read.' I recommend it for all motivational scientists and graduate students alike. Self-Determination Theory will leave its mark for years to come and will become a classic in the field."--Robert J. Vallerand, PhD, Canada Research Chair on Motivational Processes and Optimal Functioning and Professor of Social Psychology, Universite du Quebec a Montreal


"This much-anticipated volume does not disappoint! Ryan and Deci explain SDT with a richness and clarity that will enable readers at all levels to understand and use this important and increasingly influential theory. The organization is excellent--the reader is walked through the philosophical and historical foundations, presented with the key mini-theories that make up SDT, and then, equipped with the basics, introduced to the myriad applications of the theory for increasing human well-being. This book is essential reading for educational psychologists and those training for careers in education as it provides crucial information about setting up environments to maximize student motivation, learning, and adjustment. Bravo to the authors for this invaluable, beautifully written resource that will be in the hands of all of my undergraduate and graduate students."--Wendy S. Grolnick, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Director of Clinical Training, Clark University


"For over 30 years, Richard Ryan and Edward Deci have worked together to expand theory and research on intrinsic motivation. Their new book, Self-Determination Theory,...is an impressive synthesis of their work to date."--PsycCRITIQUES

Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness

I. Introduction

1. Self-Determination Theory: An Introduction and Overview

II. Philosophical and Historical Considerations

2. Organismic Principles: Historical Perspectives on Development and Integration in Living Entities

3. Human Autonomy: Philosophical Perspectives and the Phenomenology of Self

4. Psychological Needs: Varied Concepts and a Preliminary Description of Self-Determination Theory's Approach

5. A Brief History of Intrinsic Motivation

III. The Six Mini-Theories of Self-Determination Theory

6. Cognitive Evaluation Theory, Part I: The Effects of Rewards, Feedback, and Other External Events on Intrinsic Motivation

7. Cognitive Evaluation Theory, Part II: Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Processes Affecting Intrinsic Motivation

8. Organismic Integration Theory: Internalization and the Differentiation of Extrinsic Motivation

9. Causality Orientations Theory: Individual Differences in, and Priming of, Motivational Orientations

10. Basic Psychological Needs Theory: Satisfaction and Frustration of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Relation to Psychological Wellness and Illness

11. Goal Contents Theory: Aspirations, Life Goals, and Their Varied Consequences

12. Relationships Motivation Theory: The Self in Close Relationships

IV. Motivation and Human Development in Families, Schools, and Societies

13. Parenting and the Facilitation of Autonomy and Well-Being in Development

14. Schools as Contexts for Learning and Social Development

15. Identity Development, Self-Esteem, and Authenticity

16. Development, Psychological Needs, and Psychopathology

V. The Application and Practice of Self-Determination Theory in Multiple Domains

17. Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: Creating Facilitating Environments

18. Health Care and Patient Need Satisfaction: Supporting Maintained Health Behavior Change

19. Sport, Physical Activity, and Physical Education

20. Motivation and Need Satisfaction in Video Games and Virtual Environments

21. Work and Organizations: Promoting Wellness and Productivity

VI. Basic Psychological Needs in Pervasive Social Contexts

22. Pervasive Social Influences, Part I: Cultural Contexts

23. Pervasive Social Influences, Part II: Economic and Political Systems

24. On Basic Needs and Human Natures: Altruism, Aggression, and the Bright and Dark Sides of Human Motivation

A Very Brief Epilogue

References

Author Index

Subject Index