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This book outlines the physical and chemical foundations of high-temperature processes for producing silicon, manganese and chromium ferroalloys, alloys of molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, alkaline earth and rare earth metals, niobium, zirconium, aluminum, boron, nickel, cobalt, phosphorus, selenium and tellurium, iron-carbon alloys by carbon, silicone and aluminothermic methods. The chapters introduce the industrial production technologies of these groups of ferroalloys, the characteristics of charge materials, and the technological parameters of the melting processes. A description of ferroalloy furnaces is given in detail. Topics such as waste recycling, fines agglomeration technologies, and environmental issues are considered.

Ferroalloys: Theory and Practice

Chapter 1. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROALLOY PROCESSES 1.1. Main elements of Ferroalloys 1.2. General requirements for the quality of Ferroalloys 1.3. Classification of Ferroalloy processes by type of used reductants 1.4. Classification of Ferroalloy processes according to the type used aggregate 1.5. Classification of Ferroalloy processes by technological features Chapter 2. SILICON AND SILICON CARBIDE 2.1. Properties of silicon, carbon and their compounds 2.2. Theoretical bases of silicon reduction by carbon 2.3. Assortment of crystalline silicon and quality of the charge materials 2.4. Crystalline Silicon Smelting Technology 2.5. Silicon Carbide Production Technology Chapter 3. FERROSILICON 3.1. Properties of silicon compounds 3.2. Theoretical bases of silicon reduction by carbon at production of ferrosilicon 3.3. Electrical characteristics and geometric parameters of an electric furnace bath for smelting ferrosilicon 3.4. Ferrosilicon smelting and casting technology Chapter 4. MANGANESE ALLOYS 4.1. Properties of manganese and its compounds 4.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of manganese 4.3. Dephosphorization of Manganese Concentrates and Manganese-Containing Products 4.4. Drying technology for manganese concentrates 4.5 Agglomeration of the manganese concentrates4.6. Technology for smelting high-carbon ferromanganese 4.7. Ferrosilicon manganese smelting technology 4.8. metallic manganese, low and     medium carbon ferromanganese 4.9. Technology of nitrided manganese and silicomanganese production Chapter 5. CHROMIUM ALLOYS 5.1. Properties of chromium and its compounds5.2. Minerals and ores of chrome5.3. High-carbon ferrochrome smelting technology 5.4. Technology for smelting ferrosilicochromium.5.5. Low-carbon ferrochrome smelting technology 5.6. Vacuum processes of decarburization and degassing of ferrochrome 5.7. BOF and silicothermic methods of smelting medium carbon ferrochromium 5.8. Aluminothermic method for producing chromium and ferrochrome 5.9. The technology for obtaining nitrided ferrochromiumChapter 6. FERROTUNGSTEN6.1. The properties of tungsten and its compounds 6.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of tungsten 6.3. The technology of obtaining of ferrotungsten by carbon silicothermic method6.4. The technology of obtaining of ferrotungsten by aluminothermic method.Chapter 7. FERROMOLYBDENUM 7.1. Properties of molybdenum and its compounds 7.2. Minerals, ores and molybdenum concentrates 7.3. Oxidative roasting of molybdenite concentrate 7.4. The technology of obtaining ferromolybdenum by out-of-furnace silicoaluminothermic methodChapter 8. FERROVANADIUM 8.1. Properties of vanadium and its compounds 8.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of vanadium 8.3. The technology of metallurgical processing of vanadium-containingconcentrates 8.4. Technology of chemical processing of vanadium-containing slag 8.5. Thermodynamics of reactions of reduction of vanadium from oxides 8.6. The technology of producing ferrovanadium silicoaluminothermicway 8.7. The technology for producing ferrovanadium with an aluminothermic process 8.8. The technology for producing ferrosilicon vanadium 8.9. The technology for producing nitrated ferrovanadium Chapter 9. FERROTITAN 9.1. Properties of titanium and its compounds 9.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of titanium 9.3. Thermodynamics of titanium reduction reactions 9.4. Oxidative roasting of titanium concentrates 9.5. The technology of dispersion of aluminum 9.6. The technology for producing ferrotitanium by the aluminothermic method 9.7. The technology of producing metallic titanium with magnetothermalway Chapter 10. FERROALLOYS WITH ALKALINE EARTH METALS 10.1.  Calcium carbide and silico-calcium 10.1.1. Properties of calcium and its compounds 10.1.2. Technology for smelting of calcium carbide 10.1.3. Technology for smelting of silico-calcium 10.2. Ferrosiliconbarium and aluminobarium 10.2.1. Properties of barium and its compounds 10.2.2. Ferrosilicobarium smelting technology 10.2.3. Alumina barium smelting technology 10.3. Ferrosilicostrontium 10.3.1. Properties of strontium and its compounds 10.3.2. Minerals and ores of strontium 10.3.3. Ferrosilicostrontium smelting technology 10.4. Ferrosilicomagnesium 10.4.1. Properties of magnesium and its compounds 10.4.2. Minerals and ores of magnesium 10.4.3. Technology of production of magnesium and magnesium ferroalloys 10.5. Beryllium. 10.5.1. Properties of beryllium and its compounds 10.5.2. Minerals and ores of beryllium 10.5.3. Technology for production of berylliumChapter 11. FERRONIOBIUM 11.1. Properties of niobium and its compounds 11.2. Minerals and ores of niobium 11.3. Thermodynamics of niobium reduction reactions 11.4. The technology for producing ferroniobium by aluminothermic method ...Chapter 12. FERROSILICONZIRCONIUM AND FERROALUMINOSIRCONIUM 12.1. Properties of zirconium and its compounds 12.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of zirconium 12.3. Thermodynamics of zirconium reduction reactions 12.4. The technology for producing ferrosilicocirconium by aluminothermic method12.5. The technology for producing ferroaluminocirconium by aluminothermic method
Chapter 13. Ferroaluminium and Silicoaluminium 13.1. Properties of aluminum and its compounds 13.2. Minerals and aluminum ores 13.3. Ferroaluminium production technology 13.4.  The technology of production of silicoaluminum Chapter 14. FERROBORON AND BORON CARBIDE 14.1. Properties of boron and its compounds 14.2. Minerals and ores of boron 14.3. Thermodynamics of the reduction reactions of boron 14.4. Technology for production of ferroboron 14.5. The technology of producing boron carbide Chapter 15. FERRO ALLOYS WITH RARE EARTH METALS 15.1.  Properties of rare-earth metals and their compounds 15.2. Minerals, ores and concentrates of rare-earth metals 15.3. The technology for producing ferroalloys with rare-earth metals Chapter16. IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 616.1. Properties of iron and its compounds 16.2. Reduction of iron by carbon and gases 16.3. Electrothermics of iron Chapter 17. FERRONICKEL 17.1. Properties of nickel and its compounds 17.2. Minerals and ores of nickel 17.3. The technology of production and refining of ferronickel Chapter18. COBALT 18.1. Properties of cobalt and its compounds 18.2. Minerals and ores of cobalt18.3. Technology for producing cobaltChapter 19. FERROPHOSPHORUS 19.1. Properties of phosphorus and its compounds 19.2. Minerals and ores of phosphorus 19.3. Thermodynamics of the reduction reactions of phosphorus 19.4. Preparation of phosphorites for smelting19.5. The electric furnace for recovery of phosphorus 19.6. Electrothermics of PhosphorusChapter 20. FERROSELEN AND FERROTELLOUR 20.1. Properties of selenium, tellurium and their compounds 20.2. Selenium and tellurium containing ores 20.3. Alloying of steel with selenium and telluriumChapter 21. ELECTROCORUNDUM.21.1. Properties of corundum 21.2. Electrocorundum Technology 21.3. Normal Electrocorundum Technology Chapter 22. ELECTROFUSED FLUXES 22.1. Requirements for fluxes and methods for their preparation 22.2. Flux Smelting 22.3. Impurity behavior in flux smelting Chapter 23. FERRO-ALLOY FURNACES 23.1. Ore-thermal furnaces electric furnaces 23.1.1. Ore-thermal furnace bath 23.1.2. The mechanism of rotation of the bath of the ore-thermal furnace 23.1.3. Arch of the ore-thermal furnace 23.1.4. Provision of furnaces with a charge 23.2. Refining electric furnaces Chapter 24. SELF-BURNING ELECTRODES 24.1. The design of self-firing electrodes 24.2. Electrode mass 24.3. The technology of production of electrode mass 24.4. The processes occurring during firing of the electrode mass Chapter 25 Agglomeration of ore concentrates, dusts and sludge in the production of the Ferroalloys    25.1 Sintering in the production of Ferroalloys    25.2 Pellets as the charge components for Ferroalloys production     25.3 Briquetting in the Ferroalloys production25.3.1. Briquetting of ore concentrates, dusts and sludge25.3.2 Briquetting of Ferroalloys finesChapter 26 Best Available Technologies for the production of Ferroalloys.Chapter 27 Environmental aspects of Ferroalloys production.