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This textbook is designed for graduate students to introduce the basic concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), spectral analysis and modern developments such as multidimensional NMR, in reasonable detail and rigor.

A Graduate Course in NMR Spectroscopy

Chapter-1: BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moments

1.2 Nuclear Spins in a Magnetic Field

1.3 Spin Lattice Relaxation

1.4 Spin temperature

1.5 Resonance Absorption of Energy and The NMR Experiment

1.5.1. The basic NMR spectrometer

1.6 Kinetics of Resonance Absorption

1.7 Selection Rules

1.8 Line widths

1.9 Bloch equations

1.10 More about relaxation

1.11 Sensitivity

EXERCISES

 

CHAPTER 2: HIGH RESOLUTION NMR SPECTRA OF MOLECULES    

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Chemical Shift

2.2.1 Anisotropy of chemical shifts

2.2.2 Factors Influencing Isotropic Chemical shifts

2.3 Spin-Spin Coupling

2.4 Analysis of NMR spectra of molecules

2.4.1 First Order Analysis

2.4.2 Quantum Mechanical Analysis

2.5 Dynamic Effects in the NMR spectra

2.5.1 Two site Chemical Exchange

2.5.2.  Collapse of spin multiplets

2.5.3 Conformational Averaging of J- values

EXERCISES

 

CHAPTER 3: FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles of Fourier transform NMR

3.3 Theorems on Fourier transforms

3.4 The FTNMR Spectrometer          

3.5. Practical aspects of recording FTNMR spectra

3.5.1. Carrier Frequency and off-set

3.5.2. RF pulse

3.5.3. Free Induction Decay (FID) and the spectrum

3.5.4. Single channel and quadrature detection

3.5.5. Signal digitization and sampling

3.5.6. Folding of signals

3.5.7. Acquisition time and the resolution

3.5.8. Signal averaging and Pulse repetition rate

3.6. Data processing in FT NMR

3.6.1. Zero filling

3.6.2. Digital filtration or window multiplication or apodization

3.7 Phase correction

3.8. Dynamic range in FTNMR

3.9. Spin-echo

3.10. Measurement of relaxation times

3.10.1. Measurement of  relaxation time

3.10.2. Measurement of  relaxation time

3.11. Water suppression through spin-echo:  Watergate

3.12 Spin decoupling

3.13 Broad band decoupling

3.14 Biliniear Rotational Decoupling (BIRD)

EXERCISES

 

CHAPTER 4: POLARIZATION TRANSFER

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experimental Schemes

4.3 Origin of NOE

4.3.1 A simplified treatment

4.3.2 A more rigorous treatment

4.4 Steady state NOE

4.5 Transient NOE

4.6. Selective population inversion

4.7. INEPT

4.7.1. Disadvantages of INEPT

4.8 Refocused INEPT

4.9 DEPT

EXERCISES

 

CHAPTER 5: Density matrix description of NMR

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Density matrix

5.3 Elements of Density Matrix

5.4.  Time evolution of density operator

5.5. Matrix representations of RF pulses

5.6. Product Operator Formalism

5.6.1. Basis operator sets

5.6.2. Time-evolution of Cartesian Basis Operators

5.6.2.1 Free evolution under the influence of the Hamiltonian

5.6.2.2 Chemical Shift evolution

5.6.2.3 Scalar coupling evolution

5.6.2.4 Rotation by pulses

5.6.2.5 Calculation of the spectrum of J-coupled two spin system

 

EXERCISES

 

Chapter 6: Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy

6.1 Segmentation of the time axis

6.2 Two dimensional NMR

6.3 Two-dimensional Fourier Transformation in NMR

6.4 Peak shapes in 2D spectrum

6.5 Quadrature detection in two-dimensional NMR

6.6 Types of 2D-NMR spectra

 

6.6.1 2D- resolution/ separation experiments

6.6.2. Two-dimensional correlation experiments

6.6.2.1 The COSY experiment

6.6.2.1.1 COSY of two-spins

6.6.2.1.2 COSY of three-spins

6.6.2.1.3 Disadvantages of COSY

6.6.2.2 Double-Quantum Filtered COSY (DQF-COSY)

6.6.2.3 Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY)

6.6.2.4 Two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect spectroscopy (2D-NOESY)

6.6.2.5 Two-dimensional ROESY

6.6.3 Two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiments

6.6.3.1 Heteronuclear COSY

6.6.3.2 Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC)

6.6.3.3 Combination of mixing sequences

6.7 Three dimensional NMR

6.7.1 The CT-HNCA experiment

6.7.2 The HNN experiment

6.7.3 The constant-time HN(CO)CA experiment

6.7.4 The HN(C)N experiment

EXERCISES

 

APPENDIX

A1. Hamiltonian of dipole-dipole interaction

A2. Chemical Shift Anisotropy

A3. Solid state NMR: basic features

A4. Coherence selection by linear Field Gradients

A5. Pure shift NMR: ZS and PSYCHE methods

A6. HADAMARD NMR for selective excitation