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In Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins the editors have assembled contributions from a team of international experts to expand the framework for an appropriate assessment of climate change impacts on aquatic toxins. While the production of toxins by microalgae has been known for decades, establishing a factual link supported by scientific evidence is a very complex endeavor. The increasing frequency and distribution of toxic blooms for example continue to raise serious concerns regarding seafood and drinking water safety. This book compiles current evidence on the influence of climate change on the spreading of toxin producing species in aquatic systems. The chemistry and biology of toxin production is revised and an outlook on control and prevention of the toxin's impact on human and animal health is given.

 Compelling quantitative evidence of complex interactions from primary toxin producers and along the food chain.

 Latest advances on prediction and prevention of water toxin threats to human and animal health.

 A must read for insights into aquatic toxins and their modification by climatic conditions.

About the Editors

Luis M. Botana
Is a full Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Santiago, from 2004-2012 director of the Department of Pharmacology and former Fogarty Fellow at the School of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University. He has been director of the European Reference Laboratory for Marine Toxins from 2004 to 2009. He is author of 25 international patents, over 300 scientific papers and editor of 10 international books.

M. Carmen Louzao
Is a Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Santiago de Compostela since 1997. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) from 1994 to 1995. She is author of over 70 scientific publications in the field of Toxicology, Biochemistry, and Immunology and 20 reviews and book chapters.

Natalia Vilarino
Currently teaches Pharmacology to Veterinary Medicine students and participates actively in the research activities of the Department of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, since 2005. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center for 4 years. She is author of over 50 scientific papers in the fields of Toxicology, Analytical Chemistry and Immunology.

Climate Change and Marine and Freshwater Toxins

I - Introduction

1.- Extraterrestrial influences: links between solar and tidal variations and the weather
Saumitra Murkherjee, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

2.- The atmospheric circulation and ocean interactions
JM Slingo, Centre for Global Atmospheric Modelling, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG2 6AR, UK.

3.- Variability and trends of the global sea ice covers and sea levels
Victor.Smetacek, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.

4.- Dynamic marine and freshwater ecosystems
Victor Vasconcellos, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution-Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.

5.- Biodiversity of microorganisms in the context of climate change
David Lindenmayer, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

6.- Developing methods and tools for climate change impact assessment on toxins
Louzao, M. C, Dept. Farmacología, Fac. Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain.

7.- New techniques in environment monitoring
Anderson DM, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.

8.- Controling harmful cyanobacterial and algal blooms
Paerl HW Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.

9.- Risk assessment and climate change
Moore MR, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology & Queensland Health Scientific Services, University of Queensland, Archerfield, Australia.

10.- Effects on world food production and security
Miraglia M, National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00166 Rome, Italy.

11.- Spread of animal diseases as a consequence of climate change
Genchi C, DIPAV, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.

12.- Potential health impacts of climate change
McMichael AJ. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.

13.- Climate sensitivity of infectious directly and indirectly transmitted diseases
E. MIchael, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.

14.- From science to policy:  international legislation on adaptation to climate change
Petticrew Mark, Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

II. Climate change and water toxins

1. Biology of marine toxin producing organisms and toxin production
Anke Kremp. Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute.

2. Biology cyanobacteria and toxin production
Elke Dittmann. Department of microbiology. University of Postdam. Germany.

3. Distribution of marine toxins: an evolving matter
Stephanie Hinder. Mike Gravenor. Institute of Life Science. Swansea University. UK.

4. Worldwide distribution of toxic cyanobacteria
Julianne Dyble. Great Lakes Environment Research Laboratory. Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

5. Global warming and harmful algal blooms.
Stephanie Moore. School of Oceanography , University of Washington, and NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coastal Center for Oceans and Human Health.

6. Impact of global warming on cyanobacteria toxic blooms
Hans Paerl. Institute of marine sciences. University of North Carolina.

7. Increased frequency of HABs. Human activity or climate change related?
Deana Erdner. University of Texas.

9. Marine HABs and food quality prediction models
Peperzak L. National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management. The Netherlands.

10. Drinking water quality prediction models
Alex Elliott. Center of Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster. Lancashire, UK.

11. Control and management of HABs
Donald M. Anderson. Biology Department. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. MA.

12. Management of compromised drinking water safety
Michel Prevost. École Polytechnique de Montreal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

13. Seafood safety challenged by climate change
Lora Fleming. Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine.