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This book discusses the problems and feasible remediation of fluoride contamination in groundwater. The book investigates applications of various carbons derived from bio-mass and bio-polymers.  It also inquires into surface modified carbons that use inorganic ions to help remove excess fluoride ions in drinking water and wastewater effluents. The compliance of kinetic and isotherm models with fluoride sorption is covered, and the suggested mechanisms of defluoridation by surface modified carbon materials is described.

Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water

1 An overview on defluoridation of drinking water.- 2 - Fluoride a world ubiquitous compound its chemistry and ways of contamination.- 3 Health effects of direct or indirect fluoride ingestion.- 4 Methods of defluoridation Adsorption and regeneration of adsorbents.- 5 Syntheses and characterization of surface modified carbon materials.- 6 Applications of surface modified carbons in defluoridation.- 7 Adsorption investigations kinetic and isotherm models determination of thermodynamic parameters.- 8 Proposed mechanisms on fluoride sorption.- 9 Cost benefit analyses and comparative study on sorption capacity with other modified carbons.- 10 Treatment of fluorosis disease and prevention of negative effects (of fluoride ingestion).- 11 Conclusions and recommendations for further researches and development in defluoridation processes.