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Provides the state-of-the-art on wearable technology for smart clothing The book gives a coherent overview of recent development on flexible electronics for smart clothing with emphasis on wearability and durability of the materials and devices. It offers detailed information on the basic functional components of the flexible and wearable electronics including sensing, systems-on-a-chip, interacting, and energy, as well as the integrating and connecting of electronics into textile form. It also provides insights into the compatibility and integration of functional materials, electronics, and the clothing technology. Flexible and Wearable Electronics for Smart Clothing offers comprehensive coverage of the technology in four parts. The first part discusses wearable organic nano-sensors, stimuli-responsive electronic skins, and flexible thermoelectrics and thermoelectric textiles. The next part examines textile triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting, flexible and wearable solar cells and supercapacitors, and flexible and wearable lithium-ion batteries. Thermal and humid management for next-generation textiles, functionalization of fiber materials for washable smart wearable textiles, and flexible microfluidics for wearable electronics are covered in the next section. The last part introduces readers to piezoelectric materials and devices based flexible bio-integrated electronics, printed electronics for smart clothes, and the materials and processes for stretchable and wearable e-textile devices.-Presents the most recent developments in wearable technology such as wearable nanosensors, logic circuit, artificial intelligence, energy harvesting, and wireless communication-Covers the flexible and wearable electronics as essential functional components for smart clothing from sensing, systems-on-a-chip, interacting, energy to the integrating and connecting of electronics-Of high interest to a large and interdisciplinary target group, including materials scientists, textile chemists, and electronic engineers in academia and industryFlexible and Wearable Electronics for Smart Clothing will appeal to materials scientists, textile industry professionals, textile engineers, electronics engineers, and sensor developers.

Flexible and Wearable Electronics for Smart Clothing

PREFACEPART I SENSING1 WEARABLE ORGANIC NANO-SENSORS,1.2 Wearable organic sensors based on different device architectures 41.2.1 Resistor based Sensors 51.2.1.1 Definitions and important parameters 51.2.1.2 Materials and applications 51.2.2 Organic Field Effect Transistor based Sensors 131.2.2.1 Definitions and important parameters 131.2.2.2 Strategy and applications 131.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 201.2.3.1 Definitions and important parameters 201.2.3.2 Strategy and applications 201.2.4 Diode based Sensors 231.2.4.1 Definitions and important parameters 231.2.4.2 Strategy and applications 241.2.5 Other devices and system integration 251.3 Summary and perspective 29Reference 302 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE ELECTRONIC SKINS, 2.1 Introduction 372.2 Materials for Electronic Skins 372.2.1 Liquid metals 382.2.2 Hydrogels 392.2.3 Ionogels 412.2.4 Elastomers 422.2.5 Conductive polymers 422.2.6 Inorganic materials 432.3 Stimuli-responsive behaviors 452.3.1 Electrical signals in response to environmental stimuli 452.3.2 Stimuli-responsive self-healing 482.3.3 Stimuli-responsive optical appearances 502.3.4 Stimuli-responsive actuations 522.3.5 Improved processability based on the stimuli-responsive behaviors 532.4 Mechanism understanding for stimuli-responsive materials applied for electronic skins 542.5 Conclusion 59References 603 FLEXIBLE THERMOELECTRICS AND THERMOELECTRIC TEXTILES, 3.1 Introduction 683.2 Thermoelectricity and Thermoelectric Materials 683.3 Thermoelectric Generators 733.4 Wearable Thermoelectric Generators for Smart Clothing 753.4.1 Flexible Thermoelectric 773.4.2 Organic thermoelectric materials related 803.4.3 Carbon-based thermoelectric materials related 813.4.4 Fiber and Textile Related Thermoelectrics 833.5 Prospects and Challenges 87References 89PART II ENERGY4 TEXTILE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING4.1 Introduction 984.2 Fundamentals of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 994.2.2 Four working modes 1014.2.3 Materials for TENGs 1024.3 Progresses of textile TENGs 1034.3.1 Materials for textile TENGs 1034.3.2 Fabrication processes for textile TENGs 1044.3.3 Structures of textile TENGs 1064.3.4 Washing capability 1144.3.5 Self-charging power textiles 1154.4 Conclusions and perspectives 116References 1175 FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE SOLAR CELLS AND SUPERCAPACITORS, 5.1 Introduction 1205.2 Flexible and Wearable Solar Cells 1205.2.1 Flexible and Wearable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1215.2.2 Flexible and Wearable Polymer Solar Cells 1275.2.3 Flexible and Wearable Perovskite Solar Cells 1375.2.4 Flexible and Wearable Supercapacitors 1465.2.5 Flexible and Wearable electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) 1505.2.6 Flexible and Wearable Pseudocapacitor 1545.2.7 Integrated Solar Cells and Supercapacitors 1595.3 Conclusions and Outlook 164Acknowledgements 165References 1666 FLEXIBLE AND WEARABLE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES, 6.1 Introduction 1836.2 Typical lithium-ion batteries 1836.3 Electrodes materials for flexible lithium-ion batteries 1856.3.1 Three-dimensional (3D) electrodes 1856.3.2 Two-dimensional (2D) electrodes 1876.3.3 One-dimensional (1D) electrodes 1976.4 Flexible lithium-ion batteries based on electrolytes 1996.4.1 Liquid-state electrolytes 1996.4.2 Solid-state electrolytes 2026.5 Inactive materials and components of flexible LIBs 2076.5.1 Separators 2076.5.2 Casing/packaging 2126.5.3 Current collectors 2146.5.4 Electrode additive materials 2156.6 Conclusions and prospects 216References 218PART III INTERACTING 7 THERMAL AND HUMID MANAGEMENT FOR NEXT-GENERATION TEXTILES 7.1 Introduction 2317.2 Passive smart materials 2327.3 Energy harvest materials 2387.4 Active smart materials 2457.5 Conclusion 249References 2498 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF FIBER MATERIALS FOR WASHABLE SMART WEARABLE TEXTILES 8.1 Introduction 2538.1.1 Conductive textiles 2538.1.2 Waterproof conductive textiles 2548.1.3 Washable conductive textiles 2558.1.4 Evaluation of washable conductive textiles 2558.2 Fiber materials functionalization for conductivity 2558.2.1 Conductive fiber substrates based on polymer materials 2558.2.1.1 Dip Coating 2568.2.1.2 Graft modification 2588.2.1.3 In situ chemical polymerization 2608.2.1.4 Electrochemical polymerization 2608.2.1.5 In situ vapor phase polymerization 2618.2.2 Conductive fiber substrates based on metal materials 2638.2.2.1 Electroless plating 2638.2.2.2 Metal conductive ink printing 2678.2.3 Conductive fiber substrates based on carbon material 2698.2.3.1 Vacuum filtration 2698.2.3.2 Dip-coating 2708.2.3.3 Printing 2728.2.3.4 Dyeing 2738.2.3.5 Ultrasonic depositing 2748.2.3.6 Brushing coating 2758.2.4 Conductive fiber substrates based on graphene composite materials 2758.2.4.1 Dip-coating 2758.2.4.2 In situ polymerization 2768.3 Waterproof modification for conductive fiber substrates 2778.3.1 Dip-coating method 2788.3.2 Sol-gel method 2798.3.3 Chemical vapor deposition 2798.4 Washing evaluations of conductive textiles 2808.5 Conclusions 283References 2839 FLEXIBLE MICROFLUIDICS FOR WEARABLE ELECTRONICS, 9.1 Introduction 2909.2 Materials 2909.3 Fabrication Technologies 2929.3.1 Layer Transfer and Lamination 2929.3.2 Soft Lithography 2949.3.3 Inkjet Printing 2959.3.4 3D Printing 2969.3.5 Fabrication of Open-surface Microfluidics 2989.4 Applications 3019.4.1 Wearable microfluidics for sweat-based biosensing 3029.4.2 Wearable microfluidics for ISF-based biosensing 3059.4.3 Wearable microfluidics for motion sensing 3089.4.4 Other flexible microfluidics 3089.5 Challenges 313References 315PART V INTEGRATING AND CONNECTING10 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES BASED FLEXIBLE BIO-INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS,10.1 Introduction 31910.2 Piezoelectric materials 32010.3 Piezoelectric devices for biomedical applications 32310.4 Conclusion 330References 33011 PRINTED ELECTRONICS FOR SMART CLOTHES, 11.1 Introduction 33711.2 Printing technology 33711.2.1 Non-template printing 33711.2.2 Template-based printing 34011.3 Flexible Substrates 34211.3.1 Commercially Available Polymers 34311.3.1.1 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 34311.3.1.2 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 34411.3.1.3 Polyimide (PI) 34611.3.1.4 Polyurethane (PU) 34711.3.1.5 Others 34811.3.2 Printing Papers 34911.3.3 Tatoo Papers 35111.3.4 Fiber Textiles 35211.3.5 Others 35411.4 Application 35511.4.1 Wearable sensors/biosensors 35611.4.2 Non-invasive biofuel cells 35911.4.3 Wearable energy storage devices 36211.5 Prospects 366Reference 36712 FLEXIBLE & WEARABLE ELECTRONICS: FROM LAB TO FAB, 12.1 Introduction 37512.2 Materials 37612.2.1 Substrates 37612.2.2 Functional materials 37712.3 Printing technologies 37812.3.1 Jet printing 37812.3.1.1 Inkjet printing 37812.3.1.2 Aerosol jet printing 38012.3.1.3 Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing 38112.3.2 Screen printing 38312.3.3 Other printing techniques 38412.4. Flexible & wearable electronic products 38512.4.1 Flexible force sensors 38512.4.2 Paper battery 38812.4.3 Flexible solar cell 39012.4.4 Flexible display 39412.5 Strategy towards smart clothing 39612.6 Summary and perspective 398Reference 39813 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR STRETCHABLE AND WEARABLE E-TEXTILE DEVICES,13.1 Introduction 40513.2 Materials for E-textiles 40613.2.1 Conducting Materials 40613.2.1.1 Metal Nanomaterials 40613.2.1.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 40713.2.1.3 Conducting Polymers 40713.2.2 Passive Textile Materials 40813.3 Device Applications 40913.3.1 Interconnects and Electrodes 41013.3.2 Strain Sensors 41413.3.3 Heaters 41813.3.4 Supercapacitors 41913.3.5 Energy Generators 42113.3.5.1 Thermoelectric Generators 42213.3.5.2 Triboelectric Generators 42413.4 Summary and Perspectives 426References 428