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This monograph results from the 4th International Austrian-Israeli Technion Symposium cum Industrial Forum under the banner of the Austrian Technion Society initiative Technology for Peace - Science for Mankind, which was held in Vienna, 23 - 25 April 200 I, devoted to Preservation of the Quality of our Water Resources. The Symposium was a cooperative effort with the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Science and Culture, and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy and Labor. The program was structured and managed by a joint Program Committee incorporating the editors of this monograph, who are faculty members from the Stephan and Nancy Grand Water Research Institute at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and the University of Agricultural Sciences (Bodenkultur) of Vienna. The Symposium attracted participation from universities, research institutes, industries, and national authorities from Austria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Autonomy, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, USA, and Uzbekistan. The Symposium topics were of major international interest, and talks were at a high professional level. Therefore, I have gladly accepted the initiative of the Symposium Program Committee to extend and expand manuscripts of special merit to chapters of this monograph, whose title is identical to that of the Symposium. Out of the 39 papers presented at the Symposium, 24 papers were selected for inclusion in this monograph, according to their scientific merit and quality of contribution to the overall subject. Those selected were expanded and subjected to peer review for inclusion in this Volume.

Water Resources Quality: Preserving the Quality of our Water Resources

I Preserving the Quality of Groundwater.- 1 Evaluation and Modeling of the Impact of Environmentally Friendly Fertilization Techniques.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experiments with Environmentally Friendly Fertilization Techniques.- 2.1 Inhibition of Nitrification
Experimental Work.- 2.2 Controlled-Release Fertilizers.- 3 Modeling Nitrogen Dynamics.- 3.1 Basic Data and Factors Used in the Simulations.- 3.2 Effectiveness of EFFPs Under Broadcasting.- 3.3 Effect of Fertilizer Broadcasting and Banding on N Leaching and N Uptake.- 3.4 Interaction of EFFPs with Banding.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Identifying Soil and Transport Properties Using a Mode of Infiltration-Redistribution Flow and Transport in the Unsaturated Zone.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Brief Description of the Field Experiment.- 3 Flow and Transport Model.- 3.1 Solution for a Single Column.- 3.2 Statistical Averaging.- 3.3 Identifying Parameters and Intervals of Confidence.- 4 Results.- 5 Summary.- References.- 3 Spatial Modeling of Nitrogen Leaching.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Database.- 2.2 EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate).- 2.3 Empiric Formula.- 3 GIS Application.- 4 Results and Discussion.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- 4 The Effect of Fractures on the Reclamation of NAPL Contaminated Aquifers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Conceptual Model.- 3 Basic Formulation.- 4 The Simulation Method.- 5 Simulation of Aquifer Remediation.- 5.1 Simulation Parameters.- 5.2 Characteristics of Aquifer Remediation.- 5.3 Influence of the Flow Rate.- 5.4 Influence of Surfactant Additives.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- 5 Numerical Simulation as a Tool to Improve Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands for Water Treatment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Simulation of Constructed Wetlands.- 2.1 Migration Models.- 2.2 The Flow Model.- 2.3 The Transport Model.- 2.4 The Multicomponent Reactive Transport Model CW2D.- 3 Results and Discussion.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- II Preserving the Quality of Surface Water.- 6 Water Quality Monitoring in Russian Rivers: Results of a Case Study on the Pollution Situation of the Rivers Moskva and Oka.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Methods.- 2.1 Study Site.- 2.2 Methodology.- 2.3 Water-Quality Targets.- 3 Results and Discussion.- 3.1 Water and Sediment Quality.- 3.2 Toxicity Tests.- 3.3 Longitudinal Concentration Profiles.- 3.4 Load of Pollutants.- 3.5 Comparison with Other Rivers.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 7 Water Sources and Quality Along the Lower Jordan River, Regional Study.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods.- 2.1 Organization.- 2.2 Discharge Measurements.- 2.3 Geochemistry.- 3 Results and Discussion.- 3.1 Chemical and Isotope Analysis.- 3.2 Flow Rate Measurements.- 3.3 Mass Balance Calculations.- 4 Conclusions.- 5 References.- 8 Water Resources Issues of the Laurentian Great Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Management History.- 3 Water Resources Issues.- 3.1 Water Quantity.- 3.2 Hydrodynamics and Water Quality.- 3.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture.- 3.4 Invasive Species.- 3.5 Public Health and Policy.- 4 Contaminated Sediments.- 4.1 Resuspension.- 4.2 Partitioning Model.- 4.3 Export of Contaminants.- 4.4 Management Options.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- 9 Advanced Approach for Synoptic Monitoring of a Lake Ecosystem: Lake Kinneret as a Model.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Underwater-Towed Undulating Monitoring System (U-TUMS).- 3 Application of U-TUMS for Limnological Studies in Lake Kinneret.- 3.1 Spatial Limnological Heterogeneity of a Stratified Lake.- 3.2 Identification of Local Phenomena.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Monitoring Lake Kinneret and Its Watershed: Forming the Basis for Management of a water Supply Lake.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Organizational Setup.- 3 The Monitoring System.- 3.1 Improving the Monitoring.- 4 Water Quantities and Lake Levels.- 5 Water Quality.- 6 Salinity.- 7 Modeling and Databases.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- III Management of Water Resources Quality.- 11 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) for the Preservation and Improvement of Water Quality in South-Central Kansas.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Issues of Concern.- 2.1 The Hutchinson-Nickerson Area.- 2.2 The Rattlesnake Creek Corridor.- 2.3 Northern Stafford County.- 3 Application of the IWRM Approach.- 3.1 Creation of Adequate Data Bases.- 3.2 The Decision-Making Process.- 3.3 Adoption of the Appropriate Solution.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 12 Application of the Integrated Water Management Approach to the River Spree.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Background.- 3 Influence of Lignite Mining.- 4 Objectives.- 5 Structure of the Joint Task.- 6 Computational Structure of the Spree Model.- 7 Data Acquisition.- 8 Implementation.- 9 Application of the Spree Model and Conclusion.- References.- 13 Nitrate Water Pollution Risk in the Lower Jordan Valley.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Water Usage in the Lower Jordan Valley.- 2.1 Water Supply.- 2.2 Water Demand.- 3 Risks for Groundwater Pollution.- 3.1 Pollution Sources and Risk Factors.- 3.2 Modeling Leakage Depths in the Jordan Valley Floor.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 14 Introducing Sustainability Issues to the Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Current and Future Water Supply and Demand.- 2.1 General Situation.- 2.2 Groundwater Resources.- 3 Sustainability Issue.- 4 Realistic Options for Future Water Management.- 5 Proposal for an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 15 Groundwater Management Strategies to Improve Surface Water Quality in an Urbanized Area.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 History of the Study Site Alte Donau.- 1.2 Problems.- 1.3 Objectives.- 2 Changes in the Groundwater Regime.- 3 Changes in the Water Balance of Alte Donau.- 3.1 Water Balance before Construction of the Flood Bypass Channel (1971-73).- 3.2 Hydrological Regime After Construction of the Flood Bypass Channel.- 3.3 Summary of Changes in the Hydrological Regime.- 4 Input of Nutrients.- 5 Relationships Between Surface Water Quality and Hydrological Regime.- 6 Management.- 6.1 Immediate Improvement of Water Quality.- 6.2 Sustainable Restoration by a Dynamic Hydrological Regime.- 7 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- IV Improving Water Quality.- 16 Drinking Water Quality for the 21st Century
New Technologies for a New Era.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Regulation.- 3 Contaminants in the Treatment Process.- 3.1 Treatment Chemicals.- 3.2 Natural Organic Matter (NOM).- 3.3 Algae.- 3.4 Bromide.- 4 Treatment Technologies.- 4.1 Enhanced Coagulation.- 4.2 Air Stripping.- 4.3 Ozonation.- 4.4 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC).- 4.5 Biofiltration.- 4.6 Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology.- 4.7 Advanced Oxidation.- 4.8 Semiconductor-Mediated UV Photocatalytic Oxidation (Ti02).- 4.9 Electron Beam.- 4.10 Alternative Chemical Oxidants.- 4.11 Mixed Oxidants.- 4.12 Membrane Technology.- 5 The Future.- References.- 17 Turbidity Removal by Polyelectrolytes as Flocculant Aids in Flocculation with Aluminium Salts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Methods.- 2.1 Aluminium Nitrate.- 2.2 Polymeric Flocculants.- 2.3 Clay Mineral Suspension.- 2.4 Flocculation Experiments.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Aluminium Nitrate as a Primary Flocculant.- 3.2 Cationic Polyelectrolytes as Primary Flocculants.- 3.3 Combinations of Al(III) Salt and Cationic Polyelectrolyte Doses.- 4 Discussion.- References.- 18 The Application of Electrodialysis for Drinking Water Treatment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Principle of Electrodialysis.- 3 Nitrate and Hardness Removal.- 3.1 Nitrate Removal Processes for Drinking Water.- 3.2 Description of the Electrodialytic Nitrate Removal (ENR) Plant, Kleylehof.- 4 Results from the Kleylehof Plant.- 5 Application of Electrodialysis in Surface Water Treatment.- References.- V Wastewater Recycling.- 19 Reuse of Industrial Wastewater Effluent in the Petrochemical Industry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Concepts.- 3 Description of Main Units.- 3.1 Flow Regulation.- 3.2 Concentrated Wastewater.- 3.3 Chemical Flocculation and DAF.- 3.4 Biological Treatment.- 3.5 Chemical Clarification.- 3.6 Recirculated Cooling System (RCS).- 3.7 Sludge Treatment and Disposal.- 4 Specific Problems in Biological Treatment.- 4.1 Inhibition.- 4.2 High Suspended Solids in Effluent and Low MLVSS.- 4.3 Concentrated Phenolic Wastewater.- 4.4 Powdered Activated Carbon
Activated Sludge.- 4.5 Biotreatment by Biofilm Systems.- 5 Future Development Projects.- 6 Summary.- Notation.- References.- 20 Isolation and Identification of the Water-borne Protozoan Parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. and their Presence on Restricted and Unrestricted Irrigated Vegetables in Israel.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methodology.- 2.1 C. parvum Oocysts and G. lamblia Cysts Used in Concentration Methods.- 2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Used for Fluorescent Staining of Cysts and Oocysts.- 2.3 Concentration Methods for Cysts and Oocysts in Small and Large Volumes of Surface Waters.- 2.4 Microscopical Identification and Viability Testing of Cysts and Oocysts.- 2.5 Concentration Method of Oocysts and Cysts from Soil Samples.- 2.6 Elution and Concentration Method of Oocysts and Cysts from Various Vegetables Irrigated with Effluents.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Isolation and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Surface Water, Wastewater and Effluent in Israel.- 3.2 Isolation and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Soil Samples Subsurface Irrigated with Effluents.- 3.3 Isolation and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Vegetables Irrigated with Different Effluent Qualities.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 21 Greywater Recycling: Field Experience.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Domestic Water Consumption, Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Systems.- 3 Requirements for On-Site Greywater Recycling.- 4 Treatment Processes.- 4.1 Nanofiltration.- 4.2 UV Disinfection and Chlorination.- 5 Greywater Recycling - Process Scheme.- 6 Field Installations in Austria.- 6.1 Key Data of Water and Thermal Recycling System.- 6.2 Greywater and Recycled Water Quality.- 6.3 Nanofiltration.- 6.4 Economic Aspects.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 22 Chemical Pretreatment of Sewage - A Cost-Benefit Method for Upgrading of Existing and Constructing New Wastewater Treatment Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Treated Sewage Reuse in Hungary.- 3 Background.- 4 Materials and Methods.- 5 Results.- 5.1 N 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant.- 5.2 B 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant.- 6 Discussion.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 23 Biological Nitrogen Removal Using Immobilized Bacteria.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Applicability of the Proposed Process for Wastewater Recycling Projects.- 2.1 Process development background.- 2.2 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Systems Including Nitrogen Removal.- 2.3 Alternative Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes.- 2.4 The Proposed Innovative System for Complete Nitrogen Removal.- 3 Research Goal.- 4 Methodology.- 4.1 Selection of the Appropriate Gel Material.- 4.2 Process-Related and Cost-Determining Parameters.- 4.3 Upgrading Configuration of the Nitrification Reactor.- 4.4 Feasibility Study of Prolonged Nitrification Interruption.- 5 Results and Discussion.- 5.1 Selection of the Appropriate Gel Material.- 5.2 Process-Related and Cost-Determining parameters.- 5.3 Upgrading Configuration of the Nitrification Reactor.- 5.4 Feasibility Study of Prolonged Nitrification Interruption.- 6 Research Status.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 24 Using Phages for Characterization of Effluent Quality in a Stabilization Pond and Reservoirs System in Arid Regions L..- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 General.- 1.2 Waste Stabilization Ponds.- 1.3 Pathogen Indicators in Wastewater.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 The Treatment Site.- 2.2 Monitoring and Laboratory Assays.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4 Conclusions.- References.