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Lakes Ladoga and Onego are the greatest lakes in Europe. With a surface area of 17891 km² and a volume of 902 km³, the former is one of the top fifteen world's freshwater lakes and is only slightly smaller than Lake Ontario. Lake Onego's surface area is 9600 km² and it has a volume of 292 km³. The watershed of Lake Ladoga (258000 km²) extends through Northwestern European Russia and the eastern part of Finland, including the large Lakes Ilmen and Saimaa, and together these Great European Lakes are an important link in the Caspian-Baltic-White Sea waterway system. Their ecological state affects the water quality of the Neva River, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea. Thus any changes affect the operational use, environmental protection and management of water resources of a wide area and concern such issues as drinking, recreation, transport and energy.

The anthropogenic impact on the Lake Onego ecosystem is mostly determined by the sewage waters of the Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga industrial centres, while the river inflow makes the most impact on Lake Ladoga. Although the anthropogenic stress on the water ecosystems of the Great European Lakes has decreased over the last 15 years, there has been some simultaneous evidence of global warming. There is not enough current data to identify the climate-induced changes in lake ecosystems, but there is proof that the main cause of lacustrine ecosystem changes is determined by anthropogenic factors.

Ladoga and Onego - Great European Lakes: Observations and Modeling

PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1. GREAT EUROPEAN LAKES: STATE-OF-THE-ART
Chapter 2. HYDROTHERMODYNAMICS OF LARGE STRATIFIED LAKES
Chapter 3. CLIMATIC CIRCULATION AND THERMAL REGIME OF THE LAKES
Chapter 4. ESTIMATING CHANGES IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMICS OF THE LAKES UNDER THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGES
Chapter 5. TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS IN A LAKE
Chapter 6. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF A LARGE STRATIFIED LAKE
Chapter 7. ECOSYSTEM MODELS OF LAKES LADOGA AND ONEGO
Chapter 8. ESTIMATING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN LAKE LADOGA AND ONEGO ECOSYSTEMS UNDER THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND CLIMATIC FACTORS
Chapter 9. MODELS OF LAKE LADOGA AND ONEGO FISH COMMUNITIES
Chapter 10. NATURAL RESOURCES OF LAKES LADOGA AND ONEGO AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION