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From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 45. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 45. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

Authors
Publisher Springer, Berlin
Year
Pages 260
Version hardback
Language English
ISBN 9783662586860
Categories Astrophysics
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Book description

Is the Sun and its planetary system special? How did the Solar system form? Are there similar systems in the Galaxy? How common are habitable planets? What processes take place in the early life of stars and in their surrounding circumstellar disks that could impact whether life emerges or not?

This book is based on the lectures by Philip Armitage and Wilhelm Kley presented at  45th Saas-Fee Advanced Course "From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation" of the Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy. The first part deals with the physical processes occurring in proto-planetary disks starting with the observational context, structure and evolution of the proto-planetary disk, turbulence and accretion, particle evolution and structure formation. The second part covers planet formation and disk-planet interactions. This includes in detail dust and planetesimal formation, growth to protoplanets, terrestrial planet formation, giant planet formation, migration of planets, multi-planet systems and circumbinary planets.

As Saas-Fee advanced course this book offers PhD students an in-depth treatment of the topic enabling them to enter on a research project in the field.

From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 45. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

Table of contents

1) Physical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Philip J. Armitage1.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Observational context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.1 The classification of Young Stellar Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.2 Accretion rates and lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2.3 Inferences from the dust continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.4 Molecular line observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2.5 Large-scale-structure in disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 Disk structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.3.1 Vertical and radial structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.3.2 Thermal physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.3.3 Ionization structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.4 Disk evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.4.1 The classical equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.4.2 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.4.3 Viscous heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441.4.4 Warped disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.4.5 Disk winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481.5 Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561.5.1 Hydrodynamic turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581.5.2 Self-gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611.5.3 Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and transport . . . . . . . . 661.5.4 The magnetorotational instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.5.5 Transport in the boundary layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821.6 Episodic accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851.6.1 Secular disk instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861.6.2 Triggered accretion outbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931.7 Single and collective particle evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971.7.1 Radial drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981.7.2 Vertical settling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041.7.3 Streaming instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051.8 Structure formation in protoplanetary disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091.8.1 Ice lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091.8.2 Particle traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131.8.3 Zonal flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161.8.4 Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181.8.5 Rossby wave instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211.9 Disk dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241.9.1 Photoevaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241.9.2 MHD winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2 Planet formation and disk-planet interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Wilhelm Kley2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562.1.1 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572.1.2 Properties of the extrasolar planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582.1.3 Pathways to planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612.2 From Dust to Planetesimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632.2.1 Study the initial growth phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652.2.2 How to overcome growth barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702.2.3 Dust concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732.3 Terrestrial planet formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1742.3.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1742.3.2 Growth to protoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812.3.3 Assembly of the terrestrial planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852.4 The formation of massive planets by core accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882.4.2 The growth to a giant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902.4.3 The final mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962.4.4 Interior structure of planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012.5 Planets formed by gravitational instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2032.5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2032.5.2 Linear stability analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2052.5.3 Fragmentation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2092.5.4 Non-linear simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2132.6 Planet-disk interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2192.6.1 Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2192.6.2 Type I migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222.6.3 Type II migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2272.6.4 Other regimes of migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2312.6.5 Eccentricity and inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2342.7 Multi-body systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2382.7.1 Resonances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2382.7.2 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2442.7.3 Multi-planet systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2472.7.4 Circumbinary Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

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