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Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters proposes new concepts and implementations for flexibility and self-correction of current-steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs) which allow the attainment of a wide range of functional and performance specifications, with a much reduced dependence on the fabrication process.

DAC linearity is analysed with respect to the accuracy of the DAC unit elements. A classification is proposed of the many different current-steering DAC correction methods. The classification reveals methods that do not yet exist in the open literature. Further, this book systematically analyses self-calibration correction methods for the various DAC mismatch errors. For instance, efficient calibration of DAC binary currents is identified as an important missing method.

This book goes on to propose a new methodology for correcting mismatch errors of both nominally identical unary as well as scaled binary DAC currents. A new concept for DAC flexibility is presented. The associated architecture is based on a modular design approach that uses parallel sub-DAC units to realize flexible design, functionality and performance.

Two main concepts, self-calibration and flexibility, are demonstrated in practice using three DAC testchips in 250nm, 180nm and 40nm standard CMOS. Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters will be useful to both advanced professionals and newcomers in the field. Advanced professionals will find new methods that are fully elaborated from analysis at conceptual level to measurement results at test-chip level. New comers in the field will find structured knowledge of fully referenced state-of-the art methods with many fully explained novelties.<

DAC linearity is analysed with respect to the accuracy of the DAC unit elements. A classification is proposed of the many different current-steering DAC correction methods. The classification reveals methods that do not yet exist in the open literature. Further, this book systematically analyses self-calibration correction methods for the various DAC mismatch errors. For instance, efficient calibration of DAC binary currents is identified as an important missing method.

This book goes on to propose a new methodology for correcting mismatch errors of both nominally identical unary as well as scaled binary DAC currents. A new concept for DAC flexibility is presented. The associated architecture is based on a modular design approach that uses parallel sub-DAC units to realize flexible design, functionality and performance.

Two main concepts, self-calibration and flexibility, are demonstrated in practice using three DAC testchips in 250nm, 180nm and 40nm standard CMOS. Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters will be useful to both advanced professionals and newcomers in the field. Advanced professionals will find new methods that are fully elaborated from analysis at conceptual level to measurement results at test-chip level. New comers in the field will find structured knowledge of fully referenced state-of-the art methods with many fully explained novelties.

This book goes on to propose a new methodology for correcting mismatch errors of both nominally identical unary as well as scaled binary DAC currents. A new concept for DAC flexibility is presented. The associated architecture is based on a modular design approach that uses parallel sub-DAC units to realize flexible design, functionality and performance.

Two main concepts, self-calibration and flexibility, are demonstrated in practice using three DAC testchips in 250nm, 180nm and 40nm standard CMOS. Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters will be useful to both advanced professionals and newcomers in the field. Advanced professionals will find new methods that are fully elaborated from analysis at conceptual level to measurement results at test-chip level. New comers in the field will find struc

Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters

List Of Abbreviations.

PART I: INTRODUCTION AND BASICS.

1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Modern Micro-Electronics And Flexibility. 1.2. Aims of the Book. 1.3. Scope of the Book. 1.4. Scientific Approach. 1.5. Outline of the Book.

2. BASICS OF DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Functionality and Specifications. 2.3. DAC Resources. 2.4. Segmentation of DAC Analog Resources. 2.5. DAC Implementations. 2.6. Current-Steering DAC Architecture. 2.7. Modern Current-Steering DAC Challenges. 2.8. Summary.

PART II: STATE-OF-THE-ART CORRECTION METHODS.

3. ERROR CORRECTION BY DESIGN. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Return-To-Zero Output. 3.3. Differential-Quad Switching. 3.4. Cascode Switches With Offset Current. 3.5. Input Data Reshuffling Methods (Dem). 3.6. Discussion. 3.7. Conclusions.

4. SMART SELF-CORRECTING D/A CONVERTERS. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Self-Calibration of DAC Current Cells. 4.3. Mapping. 4.4. Digital Pre-Distortion. 4.5. Discussion. 4.6. Conclusions.

PART III: NEW MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND CLASSIFICATION.

5. ERROR MODELING FOR DAC CORRECTION, A BROAD VIEW. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. A Model of the Step Response of a Current Cell. 5.3. Transistor Mismatch Caused Errors. 5.4. Digital-Switching Errors. 5.5. Discussion. 5.6. Conclusions.

6. BROWNIAN BRIDGE BASED ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF DAC LINEARITY, AN IN-DEPTH VIEW. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. New Statistical Analysis of the DAC Static Non-Linearity Based on Brownian Bridge. 6.3. Discussion. 6.4. Conclusions.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ERROR CORRECTION METHODS, A BROAD VIEW. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Selected Set of DAC Correction Methods And Definitions. 7.3. Error Measurement Category. 7.4. Redundancy Category. 7.5. System Level Category. 7.6. Discussion. 7.7. Conclusion.

8. ANALYSIS OF SELF-CALIBRATION OF CURRENTS, AN IN-DEPTH VIEW. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. DAC Currents Self-Calibration Classification. 8.3. Self-Measurement. 8.4. Algorithm. 8.5. Self-Correction. 8.6. Conclusions.

PART IV: NEW CONCEPTS AND METHODS.

9. NEW REDUNDANT SEGMENTATION CONCEPT. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Abstraction Levels Of Segmentation. 9.3. New Redundant Segmentation. 9.4. Discussion. 9.5. Conclusion.

10. NEW METHODS FOR SELF-CALIBRATION OF CURRENTS. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Self-Calibration Of Unary Currents. 10.3. A Calibration Method For Generic Current-Steering D/A Converters With Optimal Area Solution. 10.4. A Calibration Method For Binary Signal Current Sources. 10.5. Discussion. 10.6. Conclusions.

11. NEW REDUNDANT DECODER CONCEPT. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Conventional ROW-Column Decoder. 11.3. New Decoder With Redundancy. 11.4. Simulation Results. 11.5. Discussion. 11.6. Conclusions.

12. NEW HIGH-LEVEL MAPPING CONCEPT. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Conceptual Idea. 12.3. Illustrative Measurement And Simulation Results For Amplitude Errors Mapping. 12.4. Limitations And Discussion. 12.5. Conclusions.

13. NEW HARMONIC-DISTORTION-SUPPRESSION METHOD. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Theoretical Background. 13.3. Application Area. 13.4. Limitations and Discussion. 13.5. Conclusions.

14. FLEXIBLE DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS CONCEPT. 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. Flexible DAC Platform. 14.3. Definitions Of Flexibility. 14.4. Operation Modes. 14.5. The "Missing Code Problem". 14.6. Conclusions.

PART V: DESIGN EXAMPLES.

15. A REDUNDANT BINARY-TO-THERMOMETER DECODER DESIGN. 15.1. Introduction. 15.2. Design Example. 15.3. Measurement Results And Discussion. 15.4. Conclusions.

16. TWO SELF-CALIBRATING DAC DESIGNS. 16.1. Introduction. 16.2. Unary Currents Self-Calibration In A 250nm DAC. 16.3. Both Unary And Binary Currents Self-Calibration In A 180nm DAC. 16.4. Comparison With State-Of-The-Art DAC Publications. 16.5. Conclusions.

17. A FUNCTIONAL-SEGMENTATION DAC DESIGN USING HARMONIC DISTORTION SUPPRESSION METHOD. 17.1. Introduction. 17.2. Test Set-Up Design. 17.3. Parallel Virtual Dacs. 17.4. Parallel Real Sub-DACs. 17.5. OFDM (Multi-Tone) System Application. 17.6. Conclusions.

18. A 14 BIT QUAD CORE FLEXIBLE 180NM DAC PLATFORM. 18.1. Introduction. 18.2. Design. 18.3. Measurements. 18.4. Conclusions.

19. A 16 BIT 16-CORE FLEXIBLE 40NM DAC PLATFORM. 19.1. Introduction. 19.2. Flexible DAC Platform Based On 16 Core Units. 19.3. Measurements. 19.4. Conclusions.

PART VI: CONCLUSIONS.

Summary. Conclusions. Appendix A. Published CMOS Digital-To-Analog Converters From 1986 Until 2009. References.