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This book is dedicated to the study of structure and transport of deep and bottom waters above and through underwater channels of the Atlantic Ocean. The study is based on recent observations, analysis of historical data, and literature reviews. This approach allows us to understand how water transport and water mass prop- ties have changed over the last years and decades. The focus of our study is on the propagation of bottom waters in the Atlantic Ocean based on new field data at key points. At the end of the 1920s, the first integral study of water masses and bottom topography of the Central and South Atlantic was carried out from the German - search vessel Meteor. This German Atlantic Expedition was one of the first cruises equipped with the newly developed echo sounder (fathometer): an obligatory p- requisite for the investigation of bottom morphology in the deep sea on an - erational base. The results of the expedition were published by Wüst, Defant, and colleagues in the multivolume METEOR publication series starting with the cruise report by the ship's commander (Spiess 1928, 1932). Historically, this series of p- lications, intermittently interrupted by World War II, was the basis for many years of research into the development of modern concepts about Atlantic water masses and their circulation schemes.

Abyssal Channels in the Atlantic Ocean: Water Structure and Flows

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Geological and geophysical characteristics of the transform fault zones. 1.1 General description. 1.2 Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone. 1.3 Vema Fracture Zone. 1.4 Romanche Fracture Zone. 1.5 Chain Fracture Zone. 1.6 Vema Channel. 2. Deep water masses of the South and North Atlantic. 2.1 General description. 2.2 Antarctic Intermediate Water. 2.3 Upper Circumpolar Water and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. 2.4 North Atlantic Deep Water. 2.5 Lower Circumpolar Water and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water, Circumpolar Bottom Water, Southeast Pacific Deep Water, and Warm Deep Water. 2.6 Antarctic Bottom Water. 3. Source Regions, Abyssal Pathways, and Bottom Flow Channels (for waters of the Antarctic origin). 3.1 General description. 3.2 Weddell Sea and Weddell Gyre. 3.3 Agulhas and Cape basins. 3.4 Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, and Georgia Basin. 3.5 Antarctic Bottom Water in the Argentine Basin. 4. Exchange between the Argentine and Brazil basins; Abyssal pathways and bottom flow channels (for waters of the Antarctic origin). 4.1 General description. 4.2 Vema Channel. 4.3 Santos Plateau. 4.4 Hunter Channel. 5. Further propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Brazil Basin. 5.1 Brazil Basin. 5.2 Flow in the Guiana Basin and westward equatorial channels. 5.3 North American Basin. 5.4 Eastward Equatorial Channels. The Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones. 5.5 Vema Fracture Zone. 5.6 Eastern Basin Pathways and further propagation of Antarctic Bottom Water in the East Atlantic. 5.7 Kane Gap. 5.8 Angola Basin. 6. Flows through the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the northern channels. Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone and other fracture zones. Integrated conclusions. References. Index.