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This book focuses on the morphology, exine ornamentation and the associated evolutionary trends of crabapple pollen and anatomical developmental patterns. To examine the genetic evolutionary patterns of crabapple pollen traits, we constructed an interval distribution function based on characteristic pollen parameters and used a binary trivariate data matrix (Xi Yi Zi) to reflect the exine ornamentation regularity of the pollen. Our findings should inform the taxonomic status of the genus Malus.

Pollen electron micrographs from a total of 26 species and 81 cultivars of Malus were recorded in this book. All 107 figures and 642 scanned pollen images constitute primary data obtained by the authors. The images in this book are clear, three-dimensional, and aesthetically pleasing. They are accompanied with text descriptions and provided a method for the indication of the different types of information that can be expected.

This book can provide a reference for scientific researchers, students, and teachers in tertiary institutions that are engaged in research concerning crabapple production.

An Illustrated Electron Microscopic Study of Crabapple Pollen

Preface

Chapter 1 Pollen morphological characteristics of ornamental crabapples(Wangxiang Zhang)

1.1 Significance of the study of crabapple pollen morphology

1.2 Observation methods for crabapple pollen phenotypes

1.3 Pollen morphological characteristics of ornamental crabapples

Chapter 2 Evolutionary law for ornamental crabapple pollen traits(Wangxiang Zhang, Junjun Fan, Mingming Zhao)

2.1 Evolutionary research background on plant pollen traits

2.2 Study methods for investigating the evolution of the phenotypic traits of crabapple pollen

2.2.1 Analysis of the evolutionary relationship of pollen between species from the genus Malus

2.2.2 Analysis methods for assessing the trend of evolution between cultivars and species

2.3 Evolutionary relationships of crabapple pollen phenotypic traits

2.3.1 The evolutionary relationships of the pollen phenotype traits of Malus species based on classical taxonomy and molecular evolutionary trees

2.3.2 Evolutionary trends of pollen phenotypic traits of natural species and cultivars of crabapples based on box plot analysis

2.3.3 Evolutionary trends of the pollen phenotypic traits of natural species and cultivars of crabapples based on frequency distribution characteristics

2.4 Chapter summary

Chapter 3 Evolutionary of pollen ornamentation in ornamental crabapples(YinFeng Xie, Wangxiang Zhang, Junjun Fan, Mingming Zhao)

3.1 Research background on plant pollen ornamentation evolution

3.2 Quantitative analysis methods for the evolution of crabapple pollen

3.3 Evolutionary trend of pollen ornamentation in ornamental crabapples

3.3.1 Distribution characteristics of the ornamentation patterns of crabapple germplasm pollen

3.3.2 Pollen ornamentation evolution in the populations of species and cultivars

3.3.3 Evolution of pollen ornamentation patterns in parental and progeny populations

3.4 Chapter summary

Chapter 4 Ultrastructure observation of M. halliana pollen during development (Ye Peng)

4.1 Research background of M. halliana pollen development

4.2 Mixed bud morphological and developmental observation in M. halliana

4.3 Ultrastructural observations of M. halliana pollen development

4.3.1 Initial differentiation stage of the anthers

4.3.2 Sporogenesis

4.3.3 Formation of microsporocytes

4.3.4 Meiosis

4.3.5 Mononucleated microspore stage

4.3.6 Pollen maturation stage

4.4 Ultrastructural observations of Anther Wall formation in M. halliana

4.4.1 Sporogenesis

4.4.2 Microsporocyte formation stage

4.4.3 Meiosis

4.4.4 Pollen maturation stage

4.5 Anatomical causes of pollen abortion in monopetalous M. halliana

4.6 Chapter summary

Chapter 5 Electron Microscopic of Crabapple Pollen(Junjun Fan, Mingming Zhao, Wangxiang Zhang)

References

Supplementary

Index